## 5.1.1 Functional Programming Tools

There are three built-in functions that are very useful when used with lists: `filter()`, `map()`, and `reduce()`.

`filter(function, sequence)` returns a sequence (of the same type, if possible) consisting of those items from the sequence for which `function(item)` is true. For example, to compute some primes:

        >>> def f(x): return x%2 != 0 and x%3 != 0
        ...
        >>> filter(f, range(2, 25))
        [5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23]
        >>>

`map(function, sequence)` calls `function(item)` for each of the sequence's items and returns a list of the return values. For example, to compute some cubes:

        >>> def cube(x): return x*x*x
        ...
        >>> map(cube, range(1, 11))
        [1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000]
        >>>

More than one sequence may be passed; the function must then have as many arguments as there are sequences and is called with the corresponding item from each sequence (or `None` if some sequence is shorter than another). If `None` is passed for the function, a function returning its argument(s) is substituted.

Combining these two special cases, we see that `map(None, list1, list2)` is a convenient way of turning a pair of lists into a list of pairs. For example:

        >>> seq = range(8)
        >>> def square(x): return x*x
        ...
        >>> map(None, seq, map(square, seq))
        [(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16), (5, 25), (6, 36), (7, 49)]
        >>>

`reduce(func, sequence)` returns a single value constructed by calling the binary function `func` on the first two items of the sequence, then on the result and the next item, and so on. For example, to compute the sum of the numbers 1 through 10:

        >>> def add(x,y): return x+y
        ...
        >>> reduce(add, range(1, 11))
        55
        >>>

If there's only one item in the sequence, its value is returned; if the sequence is empty, an exception is raised.

A third argument can be passed to indicate the starting value. In this case the starting value is returned for an empty sequence, and the function is first applied to the starting value and the first sequence item, then to the result and the next item, and so on. For example,

        >>> def sum(seq):
        ...     def add(x,y): return x+y
        ...     return reduce(add, seq, 0)
        ...
        >>> sum(range(1, 11))
        55
        >>> sum([])
        0
        >>>