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Python 1.5 Reference Manual

# Chapter 8: Top-level components

The Python interpreter can get its input from a number of sources: from a script passed to it as standard input or as program argument, typed in interactively, from a module source file, etc. This chapter gives the syntax used in these cases.

## 8.1 Complete Python programs

While a language specification need not prescribe how the language interpreter is invoked, it is useful to have a notion of a complete Python program. A complete Python program is executed in a minimally initialized environment: all built-in and standard modules are available, but none have been initialized, except for sys (various system services), __builtin__ (built-in functions, exceptions and None) and __main__. The latter is used to provide the local and global name space for execution of the complete program.

The syntax for a complete Python program is that for file input, described in the next section.

The interpreter may also be invoked in interactive mode; in this case, it does not read and execute a complete program but reads and executes one statement (possibly compound) at a time. The initial environment is identical to that of a complete program; each statement is executed in the name space of __main__.

Under UNIX , a complete program can be passed to the interpreter in three forms: with the -c string command line option, as a file passed as the first command line argument, or as standard input. If the file or standard input is a tty device, the interpreter enters interactive mode; otherwise, it executes the file as a complete program.

## 8.2 File input

All input read from non-interactive files has the same form:

    file_input:     (NEWLINE | statement)*

This syntax is used in the following situations:

- when parsing a complete Python program (from a file or from a string);

- when parsing a module;

- when parsing a string passed to the exec statement;

## 8.3 Interactive input

Input in interactive mode is parsed using the following grammar:

    interactive_input: [stmt_list] NEWLINE | compound_stmt NEWLINE

Note that a (top-level) compound statement must be followed by a blank line in interactive mode; this is needed to help the parser detect the end of the input.

## 8.4 Expression input

There are two forms of expression input. Both ignore leading whitespace. The string argument to eval() must have the following form:

    eval_input:     expression_list NEWLINE*

The input line read by input() must have the following form:

    input_input:    expression_list NEWLINE

Note: to read 'raw' input line without interpretation, you can use the built-in function raw_input() or the readline() method of file objects.

8.1 - Complete Python programs
8.2 - File input
8.3 - Interactive input
8.4 - Expression input

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