## 11.1.2 Using the cgi module

Begin by writing `import cgi`. Don't use `from cgi import *` - the module defines all sorts of names for its own use or for backward compatibility that you don't want in your namespace.

It's best to use the `FieldStorage` class. The other classes define in this module are provided mostly for backward compatibility. Instantiate it exactly once, without arguments. This reads the form contents from standard input or the environment (depending on the value of various environment variables set according to the CGI standard). Since it may consume standard input, it should be instantiated only once.

The `FieldStorage` instance can be accessed as if it were a Python dictionary. For instance, the following code (which assumes that the `Content-type` header and blank line have already been printed) checks that the fields `name` and `addr` are both set to a non-empty string:

    form = cgi.FieldStorage()
    form_ok = 0
    if form.has_key("name") and form.has_key("addr"):
        if form["name"].value != "" and form["addr"].value != "":
            form_ok = 1
    if not form_ok:
        print "<H1>Error</H1>"
        print "Please fill in the name and addr fields."
        return
    ...further form processing here...

Here the fields, accessed through `form[key]`, are themselves instances of `FieldStorage` (or `MiniFieldStorage`, depending on the form encoding).

If the submitted form data contains more than one field with the same name, the object retrieved by `form[key]` is not a `(Mini)FieldStorage` instance but a list of such instances. If you expect this possibility (i.e., when your HTML form comtains multiple fields with the same name), use the `type()` function to determine whether you have a single instance or a list of instances. For example, here's code that concatenates any number of username fields, separated by commas:

    username = form["username"]
    if type(username) is type([]):
        # Multiple username fields specified
        usernames = ""
        for item in username:
            if usernames:
                # Next item -- insert comma
                usernames = usernames + "," + item.value
            else:
                # First item -- don't insert comma
                usernames = item.value
    else:
        # Single username field specified
        usernames = username.value

If a field represents an uploaded file, the value attribute reads the entire file in memory as a string. This may not be what you want. You can test for an uploaded file by testing either the filename attribute or the file attribute. You can then read the data at leasure from the file attribute:

    fileitem = form["userfile"]
    if fileitem.file:
        # It's an uploaded file; count lines
        linecount = 0
        while 1:
            line = fileitem.file.readline()
            if not line: break
            linecount = linecount + 1

The file upload draft standard entertains the possibility of uploading multiple files from one field (using a recursive `multipart/*` encoding). When this occurs, the item will be a dictionary-like FieldStorage item. This can be determined by testing its type attribute, which should have the value `multipart/form-data` (or perhaps another string beginning with `multipart/` It this case, it can be iterated over recursively just like the top-level form object.

When a form is submitted in the ``old'' format (as the query string or as a single data part of type `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`), the items will actually be instances of the class `MiniFieldStorage`. In this case, the list, file and filename attributes are always `None`.