## 1.10.5 NULL Pointers

In general, functions that take object references as arguments don't expect you to pass them `NULL` pointers, and will dump core (or cause later core dumps) if you do so. Functions that return object references generally return `NULL` only to indicate that an exception occurred. The reason for not testing for `NULL` arguments is that functions often pass the objects they receive on to other function -- if each function were to test for `NULL`, there would be a lot of redundant tests and the code would run slower.

It is better to test for `NULL` only at the ``source'', i.e.\ when a pointer that may be `NULL` is received, e.g. from `malloc()` or from a function that may raise an exception.

The macros `Py_INCREF()` and `Py_DECREF()` don't check for `NULL` pointers -- however, their variants `Py_XINCREF()` and `Py_XDECREF()` do.

The macros for checking for a particular object type (`Pytype_Check()`) don't check for `NULL` pointers -- again, there is much code that calls several of these in a row to test an object against various different expected types, and this would generate redundant tests. There are no variants with `NULL` checking.

The C function calling mechanism guarantees that the argument list passed to C functions (`args` in the examples) is never `NULL` -- in fact it guarantees that it is always a tuple.

It is a severe error to ever let a `NULL` pointer ``escape'' to the Python user.