# 5.4 Dictionaries

Another useful data type built into Python is the dictionary. Dictionaries are sometimes found in other languages as ``associative memories'' or ``associative arrays''. Unlike sequences, which are indexed by a range of numbers, dictionaries are indexed by keys, which can be any non-mutable type; strings and numbers can always be keys. Tuples can be used as keys if they contain only strings, numbers, or tuples. You can't use lists as keys, since lists can be modified in place using their `append()` method.

It is best to think of a dictionary as an unordered set of key:value pairs, with the requirement that the keys are unique (within one dictionary). A pair of braces creates an empty dictionary: `{}`. Placing a comma-separated list of key:value pairs within the braces adds initial key:value pairs to the dictionary; this is also the way dictionaries are written on output.

The main operations on a dictionary are storing a value with some key and extracting the value given the key. It is also possible to delete a key:value pair with `del`. If you store using a key that is already in use, the old value associated with that key is forgotten. It is an error to extract a value using a non-existent key.

The `keys()` method of a dictionary object returns a list of all the keys used in the dictionary, in random order (if you want it sorted, just apply the `sort()` method to the list of keys). To check whether a single key is in the dictionary, use the `has_key()` method of the dictionary.

Here is a small example using a dictionary:

    >>> tel = {'jack': 4098, 'sape': 4139}
    >>> tel['guido'] = 4127
    >>> tel
    {'sape': 4139, 'guido': 4127, 'jack': 4098}
    >>> tel['jack']
    4098
    >>> del tel['sape']
    >>> tel['irv'] = 4127
    >>> tel
    {'guido': 4127, 'irv': 4127, 'jack': 4098}
    >>> tel.keys()
    ['guido', 'irv', 'jack']
    >>> tel.has_key('guido')
    1
    >>>