# Tutorial C++ Source

The following is a complete tutorial V application. The source for this tutorial is available int the directory ~/v/tutor.

## The Application

### tutapp.cpp

    //========================================================================
    //  tutapp.cpp:     Source file for tutorial V application
    //
    //      Copyright 1995, Bruce E. Wampler. All rights reserved.
    //========================================================================
    //
    // This file is used to define the main application object. There
    // will be exactly one instance of the application object. You will
    // usually derive you own app class from the vApp class. This file
    // defines a sample tutApp class. The usual purpose of tutApp is to
    // start the initial window, and act as a central controller for
    // your application. Rather than reading this file sequentially,
    // you should skip to the end and read the comments surrounding the
    // AppMain function.

    //  Files required for tutorial minimal application:
    //      tutapp.h:       Header for the min app
    //      tutapp.cpp:     Source code for min app
    //      tcmdwin.h:      Header code for sample command window
    //      tcmdwin.cpp:    Source code for sample command window
    //      tdialog.h:      Header for sample modeless dialog
    //      tdialog.cpp:    Source for sample modeless dialog
    //      tmodal.h:       Header for sample modal dialog
    //      tmodal.cpp:     Source for sample modal dialog
    //

    // First #include header files we need to use.

    #include "tutapp.h"     // our header file

    //=========================>>> tutApp::NewAppWin <<<======================
      vWindow* tutApp::NewAppWin(vWindow* win, char* name, int w, int h,
        vAppWinInfo* winInfo)
      {
        // This version of NewAppWin is provided with the information
        // required to name and size a window.
        //
        // Typically, this method would get a file name or other information
        // needed to setup the AppWinInfo class  specifically for the
        // application. Thus, each open window usually represents a view of
        // a file or data object.

        vWindow* thisWin = win;             // local copy to use
        vAppWinInfo* awinfo = winInfo;
        char *myname = name;                // local copy

        if (!*name)
            myname = "Example";            // make up a name

        // The UserDebug macros are useful for tracking what is going on.
        // This shows we're building a window.

        UserDebug1(Build,"tutApp::NewAppWin(%s)\n",myname);

        // You may instantiate an instance of the window outside of
        // NewAppWin, or allow NewAppWin to create the instance.

        if (!thisWin)       // Didn't provide a window, so create one.
            thisWin = new tCmdWindow(myname, w, h);

        // The vAppWinInfo class is meant to serve as a database used by the
        // tutApp controller. If you use this feature, you will probably
        // derive your own myAppWinInfo class from vAppWinInfo. The instance
        // of vAppWinInfo created here will be automatically deleted when
        // this window instance is closed through CloseAppWin.

        if (!awinfo)        // Did caller provide an appinfo?
            awinfo = new vAppWinInfo(myname);

        // After you have created an instance of the window and an instance
        // of the AppWinInfo, you MUST call the base vApp::NewAppWin method.
        // You won't need to explicitly keep track of the pointer to
        // each new window -- unless it has to interact with other windows.
        // If that is the case, then you can use your derived vAppWinInfo
        // to coordinate the interaction.

        return vApp::NewAppWin(thisWin,name,w,h,awinfo);
      }

    //===========================>>> tutApp::Exit <<<=========================
      void tutApp::Exit(void)
      {
        // This can be called to close all windows. If the app needs to do
        // something special, it can. Otherwise, it can call the general
        // vApp::Exit method, which will perform appropriate calls the the
        // specialized tutApp::CloseAppWin.

        UserDebug(Build,"tutApp::Exit()\n");

        vApp::Exit();       // easy default behavior
      }

    //======================>>> tutApp::CloseAppWin <<<=======================
      void tutApp::CloseAppWin(vWindow* win)
      {
        // This will be called BEFORE a window has been unregistered or
        // closed. The app can do whatever it needs to to close down the
        // data associated with this window. (It is invoked explicitly by
        // you in response to a Close menu pick, for example, or when the
        // user clicks the close button. It can also be called by vApp::Exit().
        // After this method cleans up, it can then call the superclass
        // vApp::CloseAppWin to unregister and close this window. Note that
        // the win gives a handle that can be used with vApp::getAppWinInfo
        // to retrieve the AppWinInfo class.

        UserDebug(Build,"tutApp::CloseAppWin()\n");

        // Code to handle close of window (such as saving/closing
        // a file) would go here...

        vApp::CloseAppWin(win);   // Unregister and close the window.
      }

    //=====================>>> tutApp::AppCommand <<<=========================
      void tutApp::AppCommand(vWindow* win, ItemVal id, ItemVal val,
        CmdType cType)
      {
        // Any commands not processed by the window WindowCommand
        // method will be passed to here for default treatment.

        UserDebug1(Build,"tutApp::AppCmd(ID: %d)\n",id);
        vApp::AppCommand(win, id, val, cType);
      }

    //=======================>>> tutApp::KeyIn <<<============================
      void tutApp::KeyIn(vWindow* win, vKey key, unsigned int shift)
      {
        // Any key strokes not processed by the window will be passed
        // along to here for default treatment.

        vApp::KeyIn(win, key, shift);
      }

    //========================================================================
    // Remember that any static references to an object are constructed by
    // the C++ startup code before main or any other functions are called.
    // Thus, the constructor for tutApp (and thus vApp) is invoked before
    // anything else happens. This enables V to perform whatever
    // initializations are required by the host GUI system - and frees you
    // from having to worry about the typical gory details. All this means
    // that EVERY V application needs a static instance of the tutApp to
    // get things rolling. Note that the global variable theApp is set to
    // point to this instance, and is the easiest way to access the vApp
    // and tutApp methods (e.g., theApp->Exit()).
    //========================================================================

      static tutApp tut_App("TutorApp");  // The single instance of the app

    //===========================>>> AppMain <<<==============================
      int AppMain(int argc, char** argv)
      {
        // The V framework defines the instance of main. After some
        // processing of command line arguments, AppMain is called with
        // cleaned up command line arguments. Note that at this time, no
        // windows have been defined. Normally, AppMain is the place to
        // start up the first window. You can perform any initialization you
        // need to do here.

        (void) theApp->NewAppWin(0, "Tutorial V Example", 350, 100, 0);

        // At this point, the window is up, and all events are being
        // routed through its methods.

        // We MUST return 0 if the status is OK at this point.
        return 0;
      }

### tutapp.h

    //========================================================================
    //      tutapp.h:  Header file for tutorial V application
    //
    //      Copyright 1995, Bruce E. Wampler. All rights reserved.
    //========================================================================

    #ifndef TUTAPP_H                // Standard technique for avoiding
    #define TUTAPP_H                // problems with multiple #includes

    #ifdef vDEBUG
    #include <v/vdebug.h>
    #endif

    #include <v/vapp.h>     // We are derived from vApp
    #include <v/vawinfo.h>  // Need for app info

    #include "tcmdwin.h"            // we use our tCmdWindow class

        class tutApp : public vApp
          {
            friend int AppMain(int, char**); // allow AppMain access

          public:           //---------------------------------------- public

            tutApp(char* name) : vApp(name) {}      // just call vApp
            virtual ~tutApp() {}

            // Routines from vApp that are normally overridden

            virtual vWindow* NewAppWin(vWindow* win, char* name, int w, int h,
               vAppWinInfo* winInfo);
            virtual void Exit(void);
            virtual void CloseAppWin(vWindow* win);
            virtual void AppCommand(vWindow* win, ItemVal id,
                    ItemVal val, CmdType cType);
            virtual void KeyIn(vWindow* win, vKey key,
                unsigned int shift);

            // New routines for this particular app go here

          protected:        //------------------------------------- protected

          private:          //--------------------------------------- private

          };
    #endif

## The Command Window

### tcmdwin.cpp

    //========================================================================
    //  tcmdwin.cpp:     Source file for tutorial cmdwin class
    //
    //      Copyright 1995, Bruce E. Wampler. All rights reserved.
    //========================================================================

    // This file contains the source code for a typical command window
    // derived from the vCmdWindow class. It will contain the definitions
    // of the menu bar and command and status bars. It represents the main
    // interaction point with the user.
    //
    // We start out with the #includes needed to define this class plus
    // any V utility dialogs such as vNotice we use.

    #include <v/vnotice.h>  // so we can use notice
    #include <v/vkeys.h>    // to map keys
    #include <v/vutil.h>    // for utilities
    #include <v/vfilesel.h> // for file select

    #include "tcmdwin.h"            // our header file

    // Now, we define static arrays for the menus, command bars, and
    // status bars used by this window. This consists of defining the
    // constants needed for IDs, followed by the static declarations of
    // the menu and command arrays. Note that V predefines quite a few
    // standard IDs which you can use instead of defining your own.

      // Start ID defines for the main window at 100

      const ItemVal m_CheckMe = 100;  // for CheckMe command
      const ItemVal m_CopySens = 101; // for Set Copy Sensitive
      const ItemVal m_Dialog = 102;   // to pop up the dialog
      const ItemVal m_ModalDialog = 103; // for modal dialog
      const ItemVal m_Clear = 104;    // Clear screen

    // Now, the static declarations of the menu arrays. You first define
    // the pulldown menus, one for each main menu bar label.

        static vMenu FileMenu[] =    // Items for File menu
          {
            {"New",M_New,isSens,notChk,noKeyLbl,noKey,noSub},
            {"Open",M_Open,isSens,notChk,noKeyLbl,noKey,noSub},
            {"Save",M_Save,notSens,notChk,noKeyLbl,noKey,noSub},
            {"Save As",M_SaveAs,notSens,notChk,noKeyLbl,noKey,noSub},
    #ifdef vDEBUG                   // Defines V debug code
            {"-",M_Line,notSens,notChk,noKeyLbl,noKey,noSub},
            {"Debug",M_SetDebug,isSens,notChk,noKeyLbl,noKey,noSub},
    #endif
            {"-",M_Line,notSens,notChk,noKeyLbl,noKey,noSub},
            {"Exit",M_Exit,isSens,notChk,noKeyLbl,noKey,noSub},
            {NULL}
          };

        static vMenu EditMenu[] =    // Items for Edit menu
          {
            {"Cut",M_Cut,notSens,notChk,noKeyLbl,noKey,noSub},
            {"Copy",M_Copy,notSens,notChk,noKeyLbl,noKey,noSub},
            {"Paste",M_Paste,notSens,notChk,noKeyLbl,noKey,noSub},
            {NULL}
          };

        static vMenu TestMenu[] =   // Items for Test menu
          {
            {"CheckMe",m_CheckMe,isSens,notChk,noKeyLbl,
                noKey,noSub},
            {"Copy Sensitive",m_CopySens,isSens,notChk,noKeyLbl,
                noKey,noSub},
            {"Dialog",m_Dialog,isSens,notChk,noKeyLbl,
                noKey,noSub},
            {"Modal Dialog",m_ModalDialog,isSens,notChk,noKeyLbl,
                noKey,noSub},
            {NULL}
          };

        // Now, define the items on the menu bar

        vMenu StandardMenu[] =     // The menu bar with three items
          {
            {"File",M_File,isSens,notUsed,notUsed,noKey,&FileMenu[0]},
            {"Edit",M_Edit,isSens,notUsed,notUsed,noKey,&EditMenu[0]},
            {"Test",M_Test,isSens,notUsed,notUsed,noKey,&TestMenu[0]},
            {NULL}
          };

    // We now define a command bar. Command bars are optional, and there
    // may be more than one. You can place any CommandObject you want on a
    // command bar.

        static CommandObject CommandBar[] =  // A simple command bar
          {
            {C_Label,999,0 ,"Command Bar",NoList,CA_None,
                isSens,NoFrame,0,0},
            {C_Button,M_Copy,M_Copy,"Copy",NoList,CA_None,
                notSens,NoFrame,0,0},
            {C_Button,m_Dialog,m_Dialog,"Dialog",NoList,CA_None,
                isSens,NoFrame,0,0},
            {C_Button,m_Clear,m_Clear,"Clear",NoList,CA_None,
                isSens,NoFrame,0,0},
            {C_Button,M_Exit,M_Exit,"Exit",NoList,CA_None,
                isSens,NoFrame,0,0},
            {C_EndOfList,0,0,0,0,CA_None,0,0,0}  // This ends list
          };

    // Sometimes it is easier to define IDs near the definition of
    // the dialog or status bar using them.

      const ItemVal m_cmdMsg = 110;
      const ItemVal m_cmdCount = 111;
      const ItemVal m_keyMsg = 112;
      const ItemVal m_keyVal = 113;

        static vStatus StatBar[] =    // Define a simple status bar
          {
            {"Commands issued: ",m_cmdMsg,CA_NoBorder,isSens,0},
            {" ",m_cmdCount,CA_None,isSens,0},
            {"Last keypress: ",m_keyMsg,CA_NoBorder,isSens,0},
            {"   ",m_keyVal,CA_None,isSens,0},
            {0,0,0,0,0}           // This ends list
          };

        static int copy_sens = 0;   // local for tracking sensitive

    //======================>>> tCmdWindow::tCmdWindow <<<====================
      tCmdWindow::tCmdWindow(char* name, int width, int height) :
        vCmdWindow(name, width)
      {
        // This is the constructor for tCmdWindow.

        UserDebug1(Constructor,"tCmdWindow::tCmdWindow(%s) Constructor\n",name)

        // The "Standard" window will consist of a menubar, a canvas, an
        // optional button bar, and an optional status bar.
        //
        // First, create and add the proper panes to the CmdWindow
        // Note: there must be a corresponding delete in the destructor

        // Create and add the standard Menu Bar to this window
        myMenu = new vMenuPane(StandardMenu);
        AddPane(myMenu);

        // Create and add our Canvas pane to this window
        myCanvas = new tCanvasPane;
        AddPane(myCanvas);

        // Create and add the command pane to this window
        myCmdPane = new vCommandPane(CommandBar);
        AddPane(myCmdPane);

        // Create and add the Status Bar to this window
        myStatus = new vStatusPane(StatBar);
        AddPane(myStatus);

        // In the V model, a window may have dialogs. Each dialog used
        // by a window must have an instance pointer. The easiest way
        // to create dialogs is to construct each one using a new here
        // which only defines the dialog - you need to use its
        // ShowDialog method at the appropriate time to display it).
        // You delete dialogs in the destructor for this window.
        //
        // Now, create whatever dialogs this app defines:
        // instances of tDialog and tModalDialog

        sampleDialog = new tDialog(this);
        sampleModalDialog = new tModalDialog(this);

        // FINALLY, after all the panes have been constructed and
        // added, we must show the window!

        ShowWindow();
      }

    //=====================>>> tCmdWindow::~tCmdWindow <<<====================
      tCmdWindow::~tCmdWindow()
      {
        UserDebug(Destructor,"tCmdWindow::~tCmdWindow() destructor\n")

        // Now put a delete for each new in the constructor.

        delete myMenu;
        delete myCanvas;
        delete myStatus;
        delete myCmdPane;
        delete sampleDialog;
        delete sampleModalDialog;
      }

    //========================>>> tCmdWindow::KeyIn <<<=======================
      void tCmdWindow::KeyIn(vKey keysym, unsigned int shift)
      {
        // Keystrokes are routed to this window. This example code shows very
        // simple processing of keystrokes, and how to update the m_keyVal
        // field of the status bar.

        static char ctrl[] = "^X ";
        static char chr[] = " X ";

        if (VK_IsModifier(keysym))
            SetString(m_keyVal, "mod");     // change status bar
        else if (keysym < ' ')              // ctrl char
          {
            ctrl[1] = keysym + '@';
            SetString(m_keyVal, ctrl);      // change status bar
          }
        else if (keysym < 128)              // normal printable char
          {
            chr[1] = keysym;
            SetString(m_keyVal, chr);       // change status bar
          }
        else
            SetString(m_keyVal, "+++");     // change status bar
      }

    //====================>>> tCmdWindow::WindowCommand <<<===================
      void tCmdWindow::WindowCommand(ItemVal id, ItemVal val, CmdType cType)
      {
        // All commands generated from this window's menus and dialog bars
        // are routed through here.  The easiest way to handle commands is to
        // use a single, sometimes large switch. Each time you add a command
        // to a menu or command bar, add a case to the switch here. In this
        // example, we use the V Notice dialog to display entered commands.

        static int cmdCount = 0;    // Used for sample status update
        vNoticeDialog note(this);   // Used for default actions
        char buff[20];              // buffer for status bar

        ++cmdCount;                 // count commands that have been issued
        IntToStr(cmdCount,buff);    // Use V utility routine to get string
        SetString(m_cmdCount, buff);        // change status bar

        UserDebug1(CmdEvents,"tCmdWindow:WindowCommand(%d)\n",id)

        switch (id)                 // The main switch to handle commands
          {
            // File Menu commands ------------------------------------

            case M_New:             // For this example, we will open a
              {                     // new window using our NewAppWin.
                (void) theApp->NewAppWin(0,"",250,100);
                break;
              }

            case M_Open:            // This demos vFileSelect dialog
              {
                char name[100] = "";        // start out with null name
                vFileSelect fsel(this);     // an instance of vFileSelect
                int fI;                     // Filter index
                static char* filter[] = {   // Filter for file select
                    "*", "*.txt", "*.c *.cpp *.h", 0 };

                // Show the file select dialog
                int ans = fsel.FileSelect("Open file",name,99,filter,fI);

                if (ans && *name)   // User picked a file name
                  {
                    SetTitle(name); // Set title of window to name
                    note.Notice(name);  // Show the name
                  }
                else                // Notify no name selected
                    note.Notice("No file name selected.");
              }

            case M_Save:            // This would usually save a file
              {
                note.Notice("Save");
                break;
              }

            case M_SaveAs:          // Save to a specified name
              {
                note.Notice("Save As");
                break;
              }

    #ifdef vDEBUG                   // Include debugging like this
            case M_SetDebug:
              {
                vDebugDialog debug(this);   // an instance of debug
                debug.SetDebug();           // dialog - let user set
                break;
              }
    #endif

            case M_Exit:            // Standard exit command
              {                     // Invoke the standard app Exit
                theApp->Exit();     // to close all windows
                break;              // will never get here
              }

            // Edit Menu commands ------------------------------------
            case M_Cut:             // Standard items for Edit menu
              {
                note.Notice("Cut");
                break;
              }

            case M_Copy:
              {
                note.Notice("Copy");
                break;
              }

            case M_Paste:
              {
                note.Notice("Paste");
                break;
              }

            // Test Menu commands ------------------------------------
            case m_CheckMe:         // Demonstrate using a checked menu
              {
                ItemVal curval = GetValue(id); // Get current status
                SetValue(m_CheckMe,!curval,Checked); // Toggle check

                if (curval)                 // Change menu label
                    SetString(m_CheckMe,"Check Me");
                else
                    SetString(m_CheckMe,"UnChk Me");
                break;
              }

            case m_CopySens:        // Demo changing sensitivity
              {
                copy_sens = !copy_sens;     // toggle
                // This will change both menu and command button
                SetValue(M_Copy,copy_sens,Sensitive);
                break;
              }

            case m_Dialog:          // Invoke our dialog
              {
                if (!sampleDialog->IsDisplayed())   // not twice!
                    sampleDialog->ShowDialog("Sample Modeless Dialog");
                break;
              }

            case m_ModalDialog:     // Invoke our modal dialog
              {
                ItemVal val, id;
                id = sampleModalDialog->ShowModalDialog("Sample Modal",val);
                // Now do something useful with id and val ...
                break;
              }

            case m_Clear:           // Clear the canvas
              {
                myCanvas->Clear();  // Invoke the canvas Clear
                break;
              }

            default:                // route unhandled commands up
              {                     // to superclass
                vCmdWindow::WindowCommand(id, val, cType);
                break;
              }
          }
      }

### tcmdwin.h

    //========================================================================
    //      tcmdwin.h:  Header file for tutorial V command window
    //
    //      Copyright 1995, Bruce E. Wampler. All rights reserved.
    //========================================================================
    //
    // Derive a window from the vCmdWindow class

    #ifndef TCMDWIN_H
    #define TCMDWIN_H

    #include <v/vcmdwin.h>  // So we can use vCmdWindow
    #include <v/vmenu.h>    // For the menu pane
    #include <v/vstatusp.h> // For the status pane
    #include <v/vcmdpane.h> // command pane

    #ifdef vDEBUG
    #include <v/vdebug.h>
    #endif

    #include "tdialog.h"    // user defined: tDialog
    #include "tmodal.h"     // user defined: tModalDialog
    #include "tcanvas.h"    // user defined: tCanvasPane

        class tCmdWindow : public vCmdWindow
          {
            friend int AppMain(int, char**);        // allow AppMain access

          public:           //---------------------------------------- public
            tCmdWindow(char*, int, int);    // Constructor with size
            virtual ~tCmdWindow();          // Destructor
            virtual void WindowCommand(ItemVal id,ItemVal val,CmdType cType);
            virtual void KeyIn(vKey keysym, unsigned int shift);

          protected:        //------------------------------------- protected

          private:          //--------------------------------------- private

            // Each user CmdWindow should conform to a "Standard" window,
            // which includes a menu bar, a canvas, an optional command bar,
            // and an optional status bar.

            vMenuPane* myMenu;              // For the menu bar
            tCanvasPane* myCanvas;          // For the canvas
            vStatusPane* myStatus;          // For the status bar
            vCommandPane* myCmdPane;        // for the command pane

            // Each user CmdWindow will probably have some dialogs and
            // subwindows. Declare pointers to each instance here.

            tDialog* sampleDialog;
            tModalDialog* sampleModalDialog;
          };
    #endif

## The Canvas

### tcanvas.cpp

    //========================================================================
    //      tcanvas.cpp - source for tutorial canvas
    //
    //      Copyright 1995, Bruce E. Wampler, All Rights Reserved.
    //========================================================================
    //
    // Each V application usually needs a canvas. In order to handle
    // various events: mouse, redraw, resize, and scroll, you will need to
    // derive your own canvas class. The base V vCanvasPane class can only
    // draw -- it does not have any memory of what has been drawn on the
    // screen (the vTextCanvasPane does handle redrawing, but is still
    // limited). Thus, your class will usually be responsible for handling
    // redrawing. This example is very simple. It lets the user draw
    // lines - up to 200 - and will redraw the screen when it has been
    // exposed.

    // The example does not handle scrolling.

    #include "tcanvas.h"            // include our header file

    //====================>>> tCanvasPane::tCanvasPane <<<====================
      tCanvasPane::tCanvasPane()
      {
        // The constructor initializes our simple data structure.

        _mouseDown = 0; _nextpt = 0;
        _begx = -1; _begy = -1; _curx = -1; _cury = -1;
        _pt = new point[200];       // allocate only 200 lines
      }

    //-===================>>> tCanvasPane::tCanvasPane <<<====================
      tCanvasPane::~tCanvasPane()
      {
        delete [] _pt;              // free the point array
      }

    //======================>>> tCanvasPane::Clear <<<========================
      void tCanvasPane::Clear()
      {
        vCanvasPane::Clear();       // clear the canvas
        _nextpt = 0;                // start over at 0
      }

    // This example does not handle scrolling, but a derived canvas would
    // be likely to. Thus, we've included the derived scrolling methods,
    // but simply call the superclass method for default handling, which
    // is essentially a no op.

    //======================>>> tCanvasPane::HPage <<<========================
      void tCanvasPane::HPage(int shown, int top)
      {
        vCanvasPane::HPage(shown, top);
      }

    //======================>>> tCanvasPane::VPage <<<========================
      void tCanvasPane::VPage(int shown, int top)
      {
        vCanvasPane::VPage(shown, top);
      }

    //======================>>> tCanvasPane::HScroll <<<======================
      void tCanvasPane::HScroll(int step)
      {
        vCanvasPane::HScroll(step);
      }

    //======================>>> tCanvasPane::VScroll <<<======================
      void tCanvasPane::VScroll(int step)
      {
        vCanvasPane::VScroll(step);
      }

    //=====================>>> tCanvasPane::MouseDown <<<=====================
      void tCanvasPane::MouseDown(int X, int Y, int button)
      {
       // Mouse down means the user is starting a line. We don't care which
       // button was pressed. There is nothing to draw until the mouse moves.

        _mouseDown = 1;                     // track mouse button
        _pt[_nextpt].x = _begx = _curx = X; // starting point
        _pt[_nextpt].y = _begy = _cury = Y;
        if (++_nextpt >= 200)               // set next point and do a simple
            _nextpt = 0;                    // minded storage allocation
      }

    //======================>>> tCanvasPane::MouseMove <<<====================
      void tCanvasPane::MouseMove(int x, int y, int button)
      {
        // Mouse move means the user is drawing a line, so we have to draw
        // it on the screen. By drawing a Rubber Line, we can easily track
        // the user motions, and undraw the previous line.

        if (_begx != _curx || _begy != _cury) // Was there a previous line?
            DrawRubberLine(_begx, _begy, _curx, _cury);  // Undraw old line

        if (_begx != x || _begy != y)       // If we moved, draw new line
            DrawRubberLine(_begx, _begy, x, y);

        _curx = x; _cury = y;               // update positions
      }

    //========================>>> tCanvasPane::MouseUp <<<====================
      void tCanvasPane::MouseUp(int X, int Y, int button)
      {
        // Mouse up means the user has ended a line, so we need to draw
        // a permanent line and update the data base.

        _mouseDown = 0;                     // Mouse down now
        if (_begx != X || _begy != Y)       // We drew a line
            DrawLine(_begx, _begy, X, Y);   // So draw permanent version

        _pt[_nextpt].x = X; _pt[_nextpt].y = Y;  // End point

        if (++_nextpt >= 200)               // set next point and do a simple
            _nextpt = 0;                    // minded storage allocation

        _begx = -1; _begy = -1; _curx = -1; _cury = -1;  // for next line
      }

    //========================>>> tCanvasPane::Redraw <<<=====================
      void tCanvasPane::Redraw(int x, int y, int w, int h)
      {
        // This is a simple Redraw that just redraws everything.
        // Often, that will be more than fast enough, but the input
        // parameters can be used to make a more intelligent redraw.

        for (int i = 0 ; i < _nextpt ; i += 2)
            DrawLine(_pt[i].x, _pt[i].y, _pt[i+1].x, _pt[i+1].y);
      }

    //======================>>> tCanvasPane::Resize <<<=======================
      void tCanvasPane::Resize(int w, int h)
      {
        // We also don't handle resizing in this example.
        vCanvasPane::Resize(w,h);
      }

### tcanvas.h

    //========================================================================
    //  tcanvas.h -- header file for tutorial canvas class
    //
    //      Copyright 1995, Bruce E. Wampler, All Rights Reserved.
    //========================================================================

    #ifndef TCANVAS_H
    #define TCANVAS_H

    #include <v/vcanvas.h>  // derive from vCanvasPane

        typedef struct point        // simple structure for points
          {
            int x; int y;
          } point;

        class tCanvasPane : public vCanvasPane
          {
          public:           //---------------------------------------- public
            tCanvasPane();
            virtual ~tCanvasPane();

            // Windows
            virtual void Clear();

            // Scrolling
            virtual void HPage(int, int);
            virtual void VPage(int, int);
            virtual void HScroll(int);
            virtual void VScroll(int);

            // Events
            virtual void MouseDown(int, int, int);
            virtual void MouseUp(int, int, int);
            virtual void MouseMove(int, int, int);
            virtual void Redraw(int, int, int, int); // Expose/redraw event
            virtual void Resize(int, int);          // Resize event

          protected:        //------------------------------------- protected

          private:          //--------------------------------------- private
            // Note that we try to use a leading underscore to indicate
            // private members. We aren't always consistent!
            int _mouseDown;         // track if mouse down
            int _begx; int _begy;   // starting point
            int _curx; int _cury;   // current point
            point *_pt;             // the array of points
            int _nextpt;            // where next point goes
          };
    #endif

## A.4 A Modeless Dialog

### tdialog.cpp

    //========================================================================
    //  tdialog.cpp - Source file for tutorial tDialog class
    //
    //  Copyright 1995, Bruce E. Wampler, All Rights Reserved
    //========================================================================

    // #include the headers we need
    #include <v/vnotice.h>
    #include "tdialog.h"

    // The structure of a derived dialog class is very similar to the
    // structure of a command window class. First we define IDs for the
    // various command objects used in the dialog. Then we declare the
    // static array that defines the dialog.

    const ItemVal mdLbl1 = 200;

    const ItemVal mdFrm1 = 201;  const ItemVal mdLbl2 = 202;
    const ItemVal mdCB1 = 203;   const ItemVal mdCB2 = 204;
    const ItemVal mdCB3 = 205;

    const ItemVal mdFrmV1 = 206; const ItemVal mdLbl3 = 207;
    const ItemVal mdRB1 = 208;   const ItemVal mdRB2 = 209;

    const ItemVal mdFrmV2 = 210; const ItemVal mdLbl4 = 211;
    const ItemVal mdBtn1 = 212;  const ItemVal mdBtn2 = 213;

    const ItemVal mdBtnChange = 214;

        static char change_me[] = "Change Me A";    // a label to change

    // This defines the dialog

        static CommandObject DefaultCmds[] =
          {
            {C_Label, mdLbl1, 0,"X",NoList,CA_MainMsg,isSens,NoFrame, 0, 0},

            {C_Frame,mdFrmV2,0,"",NoList,CA_None,isSens,NoFrame,0,mdLbl1},
            {C_Label,mdLbl4,0,"Buttons",NoList,CA_None,isSens,mdFrmV2,0,0},
            {C_Button,mdBtn1,mdBtn1,"Button 1",NoList,CA_None,
                    isSens,mdFrmV2,0,mdLbl4},
            {C_Button,mdBtn2,mdBtn2,"Button 2",NoList,CA_None,
                    isSens,mdFrmV2,0,mdBtn1},

            {C_Frame,mdFrm1,0,"",NoList,CA_None,isSens,NoFrame,mdFrmV2,mdLbl1},
            {C_Label,mdLbl2,0,"CheckBox",NoList,CA_None,isSens,mdFrm1,0,0},
            {C_CheckBox,mdCB1,0,"Test A",NoList,CA_None,
                    isSens,mdFrm1,0,mdLbl2},
            {C_CheckBox,mdCB2,0,"Test B",NoList,CA_None,
                    isSens,mdFrm1,mdCB1,mdLbl2},
            {C_CheckBox,mdCB3,1,"Test C",NoList,CA_None,isSens,mdFrm1,0,mdCB1},

            {C_Frame,mdFrmV1,0,"",NoList,CA_None,isSens,NoFrame,mdFrm1,mdLbl1},
            {C_Label,mdLbl3,0,"Radios",NoList,CA_None,isSens,mdFrmV1,0,0},
            {C_RadioButton,mdRB1,1,"KOB",NoList,CA_None,
                    isSens,mdFrmV1,0,mdLbl3},
            {C_RadioButton,mdRB2,0,"KOAT",NoList,CA_None,
                    isSens,mdFrmV1,0,mdRB1},

            {C_Button,mdBtnChange,0,change_me,NoList,CA_None,
                    isSens,NoFrame,0,mdFrmV1},
            {C_Button,M_Cancel,M_Cancel," Cancel ",NoList,CA_None,
                isSens,NoFrame,mdBtnChange,mdFrmV1},
            {C_Button,M_OK,M_OK," OK ",NoList,CA_DefaultButton,
                isSens,NoFrame,M_Cancel,mdFrmV1},

            {C_EndOfList,0,0,0,0,CA_None,0,0,0}
          };

    //==========================>>> tDialog::tDialog <<<======================
      tDialog::tDialog(vBaseWindow* bw) :
        vDialog(bw)
      {
        // The constructor for a derived dialog calls the superclass
        // constructor, and then adds the command objects to the dialog
        // by calling AddDialogCmds.

        UserDebug(Constructor,"tDialog::tDialog()\n")
        AddDialogCmds(DefaultCmds);         // add the command objects
      }

    //=========================>>> tDialog::~tDialog <<<======================
      tDialog::~tDialog()
      {
        // Destructor often doesn't need to do anything

        UserDebug(Destructor,"tDialog::~tDialog() destructor\n")
      }

    //====================>>> tDialog::DialogCommand <<<======================
      void tDialog::DialogCommand(ItemVal id, ItemVal retval, CmdType ctype)
      {
        // After the user has selected a command from the dialog,
        // this routine is called with the value.

        vNoticeDialog note(this);   // an instance we can use

        UserDebug1(CmdEvents,"tDialog::DialogCommand(id:%d)\n",id)

        switch (id)         // We will do some things depending on value
          {
            case mdCB1:             // CheckBox
                note.Notice("Test A");
                break;

            case mdCB2:             // CheckBox
                note.Notice("Test B");
                break;

            case mdCB3:             // CheckBox
                note.Notice("Test C");
                break;

            case mdRB1:             // Radio Button
                note.Notice("KOB");
                break;

            case mdRB2:             // Radio Button
                note.Notice("KOAT");
                break;

            case mdBtn1:            // Button
                note.Notice("Button 1");
                break;

            case mdBtn2:            // Button
                note.Notice("Button 2");
                break;

            case mdBtnChange:       // Example: change my own label
                // We will change the label on this button
                change_me[10]++;            // change the "A"
                SetString(mdBtnChange, change_me);
                break;
          }
        // All commands should also route through the parent handler
        // which has useful default behaviors for Cancel and OK
        vDialog::DialogCommand(id,retval,ctype);
      }

### tdialog.h

    //========================================================================
    //
    //  tdialog.h - Header file for tutorial tDialog class
    //
    //  Copyright 1995, Bruce E. Wampler, All Rights Reserved
    //========================================================================

    #ifndef TDIALOG_H
    #define TDIALOG_H

    #include <v/vdialog.h>  // we derive from vDialog

        class tDialog : public vDialog
          {
          public:           //---------------------------------------- public
            tDialog(vBaseWindow*);
            virtual ~tDialog();             // Destructor
            virtual void DialogCommand(ItemVal id, ItemVal retval,
                    CmdType ctype);

          protected:        //------------------------------------- protected

          private:          //--------------------------------------- private
            int _toggleId;
          };
    #endif

## A.5 A Modal Dialog

### tmodal.cpp

    //========================================================================
    //  tmodal.cpp - Source file for tutorial tModalDialog class
    //
    //  Copyright 1995, Bruce E. Wampler, All Rights Reserved
    //========================================================================
    //

    #include "tmodal.h"             // our header file
    #include <v/vnotice.h>

    const ItemVal mmLbl1 = 300;
    const ItemVal mmBtn1 = 301;
    const ItemVal mmBtn2 = 302;

        static  DefaultCmds[] =
          {
            {C_Label, mmLbl1, 0,"X",NoList,CA_MainMsg,isSens,NoFrame, 0, 0},

            {C_Button,mmBtn1,mmBtn1," Test 1 ",NoList,CA_None,
                    isSens,NoFrame,0,mmLbl1},
            {C_Button,mmBtn2,mmBtn2," Test 2 ",NoList,CA_None,
                    isSens,NoFrame, mmBtn1,mmLbl1},

            {C_Button,M_Cancel,M_Cancel," Cancel ",NoList,CA_None,
                    isSens,NoFrame, 0,mmBtn1},
            {C_Button,M_OK,M_OK,"   OK   ",NoList,CA_DefaultButton,
                    isSens,NoFrame,M_Cancel,mmBtn1},

            {C_EndOfList,0,0,0,0,CA_None,0,0,0}
          };

    //======================>>> tModalDialog::tModalDialog <<<================
      tModalDialog::tModalDialog(vBaseWindow* bw) :
        vModalDialog(bw)
      {
        UserDebug(Constructor,"tModalDialog::tModalDialog()\n")
        AddDialogCmds(DefaultCmds);         // add the predefined commands
      }

    //=================>>> tModalDialog::~tModalDialog <<<====================
      tModalDialog::~tModalDialog()
      {
        UserDebug(Destructor,"tModalDialog::~tModalDialog() destructor\n")
      }

    //===================>>> tModalDialog::DialogCommand <<<==================
      void tModalDialog::DialogCommand(ItemVal id,ItemVal retval,CmdType ctype)
      {
        // After the user has selected a command from the dialog,
        // this routine is called with the id and retval.

        vNoticeDialog note(this);

        UserDebug1(CmdEvents,"tModalDialog::DialogCommand(id:%d)\n",id)

        switch (id)         // We will do some things depending on value
          {
            case mmBtn1:            // Button 1
                note.Notice(" Test 1 ");
                break;

            case mmBtn2:            // Button 2
                note.Notice(" Test 2 ");
                break;
          }

        // let default behavior handle Cancel and OK
        vModalDialog::DialogCommand(id,retval,ctype);
      }

### tmodal.h

    //========================================================
    //  tmodal.h - Header file for tModalDialog class
    //
    //  Copyright 1995, Bruce E. Wampler, All Rights Reserved
    //========================================================

    #ifndef TMODAL_H
    #define TMODAL_H

    #include <v/vmodald.h>  // derived from vModalDialog

        class tModalDialog : public vModalDialog
          {
          public:           //---------------------------------------- public
            tModalDialog(vBaseWindow*);
            virtual ~tModalDialog();                // Destructor
            virtual void DialogCommand(ItemVal id, ItemVal retval,
                    CmdType ctype);

          protected:        //--------------------------------------- protected

          private:          //--------------------------------------- private

          };
    #endif

## A.6 The Makefile

### makefile

    # Sample GNU make makefile for V tutorial application
    CC      =       g++

    # Note: Platform dependent for a Linux system

    HOME    =       /home/bruce
    X11INC  =       /usr/X11/include
    X11LIB  =       /usr/X11R6/lib
    Arch    =       intel
    LIBS    =       -lV -lXaw -lXmu -lXt -lXext -lX11

    VPATH   =       ../include

    # Architecture dependent

    VLibDir =       $(HOME)/v/lib/$(Arch)

    oDir    =       ../obj/$(Arch)

    LibDir  =       ../lib/$(Arch)

    Bin     =       ../bin/$(Arch)

    #--------------------------------------------------------------

    # Typical flags for includes and libraries

    CFLAGS  =       -O -I$(X11INC) -I$(HOME)

    LFLAGS  =       -O -L$(X11LIB) -L$(VLibDir)

    EXOBJS  =       $(oDir)/tutapp.o \
                    $(oDir)/tdialog.o \
                    $(oDir)/tmodal.o \
                    $(oDir)/tcanvas.o \
                    $(oDir)/tcmdwin.o

    all:    $(Bin)/tutapp

    $(Bin)/tutapp:  $(EXOBJS) $(VLibDir)/libV.a
            $(CC) -o $@ $(LFLAGS) $(EXOBJS) $(LIBS)

    $(oDir)/tcanvas.o:      tcanvas.cpp v_defs.h tcanvas.h
            $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $<

    $(oDir)/tdialog.o:      tdialog.cpp v_defs.h tdialog.h
            $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $<

    $(oDir)/tmodal.o:       tmodal.cpp v_defs.h tmodal.h
            $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $<

    $(oDir)/tcmdwin.o:      tcmdwin.cpp v_defs.h tcmdwin.h
            $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $<

    $(oDir)/tutapp.o:       tutapp.cpp v_defs.h tdialog.h tmodal.h \
            tutapp.h tcmdwin.h
            $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $<