# Iterator Tags

Category: iterators | Component type: overview

### Summary

Iterator tag functions are a method for accessing information that is associated with iterators. Specifically, an iterator type must, as discussed in the Input Iterator requirements, have an associated distance type and value type. [1] It is sometimes important for an algorithm parameterized by an iterator type to be able to determine the distance type and value type. Iterator tags also allow algorithms to determine an iterator's category, so that they can take different actions depending on whether an iterator is an Input Iterator, Output Iterator, Forward Iterator, Bidirectional Iterator, or Random Access Iterator.

Note that the iterator tag functions `distance_type`, `value_type`, and `iterator_category` are an older method of accessing the type information associated with iterators: they were defined in the original STL. The draft C++ standard, however, defines a different and more convenient mechanism: `iterator_traits`. Both mechanisms are supported [2], for reasons of backwards compatibility, but the older mechanism will eventually be removed.

### Description

The basic idea of the iterator tag functions, and of `iterator_traits`, is quite simple: iterators have associated type information, and there must be a way to access that information. Specifically, iterator tag functions and `iterator_traits` are used to determine an iterator's value type, distance type, and iterator category.

An iterator's category is the most specific concept that it is a model of: Input Iterator, Output Iterator, Forward Iterator, Bidirectional Iterator, or Random Access Iterator. This information is expressed in the C++ type system by defining five category tag types, `input_iterator_tag`, `output_iterator_tag`, `forward_iterator_tag`, `bidirectional_iterator_tag`, and `random_access_iterator_tag`, each of which corresponds to one of those concepts. [3]

The function `iterator_category` takes a single argument, an iterator, and returns the tag corresponding to that iterator's category. That is, it returns a `random_access_iterator_tag` if its argument is a pointer, a `bidirectional_iterator_tag` if its argument is a `list::iterator`, and so on. `Iterator_traits` provides the same information in a slightly different way: if `I` is an iterator, then `iterator_traits<I>::iterator_category` is a nested `typedef`: it is one of the five category tag types.

An iterator's value type is the type of object that is returned when the iterator is dereferenced. (See the discussion in the Input Iterator requirements.) Ideally, one might want `value_type` to take a single argument, an iterator, and return the iterator's value type. Unfortunately, that's impossible: a function must return an object, and types aren't objects. Instead, `value_type` returns the value `(T*) 0`, where `T` is the argument's value type. The `iterator_traits` class, however, does not have this restriction: `iterator_traits<I>::value_type` is a type, not a value. It is a nested `typedef`, and it can be used in declarations of variables, as an function's argument type or return type, and in any other ways that C++ types can be used.

(Note that the function `value_type` need not be defined for Output Iterators, since an Output Iterator need not have a value type. Similarly, `iterator_traits<I>::value_type` is typically defined as `void` when `I` is an output iterator)

An iterator's distance type, or difference type (the terms are synonymous) is the type that is used to represent the distance between two iterators. (See the discussion in the Input Iterator requirements.) The function `distance_type` returns this information in the same form that `value_type` does: its argument is an iterator, and it returns the value `(Distance*) 0`, where `Distance` is the iterator's distance type. Similarly, `iterator_traits<I>::difference_type` is `I`'s distance type.

Just as with `value_type`, the function `distance_type` need not be defined for Output Iterators, and, if `I` is an Output Iterator, `iterator_traits<I>::difference_type` may be defined as `void`. An Output Iterator need not have a distance type.

The functions `iterator_category`, `value_type`, and `distance_type` must be provided for every type of iterator. (Except, as noted above, that `value_type` and `distance_type` need not be provided for Output Iterators.) In principle, this is simply a matter of overloading: anyone who defines a new iterator type must define those three functions for it. In practice, there's a slightly more convenient method. The STL defines five base classes, `output_iterator`, `input_iterator`, `forward_iterator`, `bidirectional_iterator`, and `random_access_iterator`. The functions `iterator_category`, `value_type`, and `distance_type` are defined for those base classes. The effect, then, is that if you are defining a new type of iterator you can simply derive it from one of those base classes, and the iterator tag functions will automatically be defined correctly. These base classes contain no member functions or member variables, so deriving from one of them ought not to incur any overhead.

(Again, note that base classes are provided solely for the convenience of people who define iterators. If you define a class `Iter` that is a new kind of Bidirectional Iterator, you do not have to derive it from the base class `bidirectional_iterator`. You do, however, have to make sure that `iterator_category`, `value_type`, and `distance_type` are defined correctly for arguments of type `Iter`, and deriving `Iter` from `bidirectional_iterator` is usually the most convenient way to do that.)

### Examples

This example uses the `value_type` iterator tag function in order to declare a temporary variable of an iterator's value type. Note the use of an auxiliary function, `__iter_swap`. This is a very common idiom: most uses of iterator tags involve auxiliary functions.

        template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2, class ValueType>
        inline void __iter_swap(ForwardIterator1 a, ForwardIterator2 b, ValueType*) {
    	T tmp = *a;
    	*a = *b;
    	*b = tmp;
        }

        template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
        inline void iter_swap(ForwardIterator1 a, ForwardIterator2 b) {
    	__iter_swap(a, b, value_type(a));
        }

This example does exactly the same thing, using `iterator_traits` instead. Note how much simpler it is: the auxiliary function is no longer required.

        template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
        inline void iter_swap(ForwardIterator1 a, ForwardIterator2 b) {
            iterator_traits<ForwardIterator1>::value_type tmp = *a;
            *a = *b;
            *b = tmp;
        }

This example uses the `iterator_category` iterator tag function: `reverse` can be implemented for either Bidirectional Iterators or for Random Access Iterators, but the algorithm for Random Access Iterators is more efficient. Consequently, `reverse` is written to dispatch on the iterator category. This dispatch takes place at compile time, and should not incur any run-time penalty.

        template <class BidirectionalIterator>
        void __reverse(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last,
    		   bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
    	while (true)
    	    if (first == last || first == --last)
    		return;
    	    else
    		iter_swap(first++, last);
        }

        template <class RandomAccessIterator>
        void __reverse(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
    		   random_access_iterator_tag) {
    	while (first < last) iter_swap(first++, --last);
        }

        template <class BidirectionalIterator>
        inline void reverse(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last) {
    	__reverse(first, last, iterator_category(first));
        }

In this case, `iterator_traits` would not be different in any substantive way: it would still be necessary to use auxiliary functions to dispatch on the iterator category. The only difference is changing the top-level function to

        template <class BidirectionalIterator>
        inline void reverse(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last) {
    	__reverse(first, last,
                      iterator_traits<first>::iterator_category());
        }

### Concepts

### Types

- `output_iterator`
- `input_iterator`
- `forward_iterator`
- `bidirectional_iterator`
- `random_access_iterator`

- `output_iterator_tag`
- `input_iterator_tag`
- `forward_iterator_tag`
- `bidirectional_iterator_tag`
- `random_access_iterator_tag`

- `iterator_traits`

### Functions

- `iterator_category`
- `value_type`
- `distance_type`

### Notes

[1] Output Iterators have neither a distance type nor a value type; in many ways, in fact, Output Iterators aren't really iterators. Output iterators do not have a value type, because it is impossible to obtain a value from an output iterator but only to write a value through it. They do not have a distance type, similarly, because it is impossible to find the distance from one output iterator to another. Finding a distance requires a comparison for equality, and output iterators do not support `operator==`.

[2] The `iterator_traits` class relies on a C++ feature known as partial specialization. Many of today's compilers don't implement the complete standard; in particular, many compilers do not support partial specialization. If your compiler does not support partial specialization, then you will not be able to use `iterator_traits`, and you will have to continue to use the older iterator tag functions.

[3] Note that Trivial Iterator does not appear in this list. The Trivial Iterator concept is introduced solely for conceptual clarity; the STL does not actually define any Trivial Iterator types, so there is no need for a Trivial Iterator tag. There is, in fact, a strong reason not to define one: the C++ type system does not provide any way to distinguish between a pointer that is being used as a trivial iterator (that is, a pointer to an object that isn't part of an array) and a pointer that is being used as a Random Access Iterator into an array.

### See also

Input Iterator, Output Iterator, Forward Iterator, Bidirectional Iterator, Random Access Iterator, `iterator_traits`, Iterator Overview

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