
 ^hInternational information^n

  This part of the manual will have all kind of different international
  information. We will try to gather as much information as possible and
  put in here, but please if you have any suggestions for additional
  information you think could be useful for a lot of people, please contact
  a registration site.

  ^hUnit of measurement^n

   metre (m) for length
   kilogram (kg) for weight
   second (s) for time
   ampere (A) for current intensity
   kelvin (K) for absolute temperature (absolute zero -273.15 Celsius)
   candela (cd) units of luminous intensity
   mol (mol) for quantity of material

   The units are defined with the biggest possible accuracy compared to
   imperishable sizes. For example the metre is defined as the length
   of the way the light runs in af 1/299792458 second. A second is defined
   as 919263631770 times the characteristic atomic time for caesium-133
   (cesium).

   To make the daily use more easy the following measurement are used:

   celsius   (C)  unit of temperature
   coulomb   (C ) unit of quantity electricity
   farad     (F ) unit of electrical capacity
   henry     (H)  unit of electrical inductance
   hertz     (Hz) unit of frequency
   joule     (J ) unit of work or energy
   liter     (l)  unit of cubic content
   lumen     (lm) unit of luminous flux
   lux       (lx) unit of illumination
   newton    (N ) unit of force
   ohm       (O_) unit of electrical resistance
   tesla     (T)  unit of magnetic inductance
   volt      (V ) unit of electric potential
   watt      (W ) unit of electric power
   weber     (W)  unit of magnetic flux

  ^hNumeric sizes^n

   exa       (E)      10 18    1 000 000 000 000 000 000  times
   peta      (P)      10 15        1 000 000 000 000 000  times
   tera      (T)      10 12            1 000 000 000 000  times
   giga      (G)      10 9                 1 000 000 000  times
   mega      (M)      10 6                     1 000 000  times
   kilo      (k)      10 3                         1 000  times
   hecto     (h)      10 2                           100  times
   deka      (da)     10 1                            10  times
   deci      (d)      10 -1                          0.1  times
   centi     (c)      10 -2                         0.01  times
   milli     (m)      10 -3                        0.001  times
   micro     (y_)     10 -6                    0.000 001  times
   nano      (n)      10 -9                0.000 000 001  times
   pico      (p)      10 -12           0.000 000 000 001  times
   femto     (f)      10 -15       0.000 000 000 000 001  times
   atto      (a)      10 -18   0.000 000 000 000 000 001  times

  ^hLinear measure^n

   The Metric System

   1 millimetre  (mm)            = 0.001 m
   1 centimetre  (cm)            = 0.01 m
   1 decimetre   (dm)            = 0.1 m
   1 dekametre   (dam)           = 10 m
   1 hectometre  (dam)           = 100 m
   1 kilometre   (km)            = 1000 m

   Old English and American systems

   1 inch                        = 2.54 cm
   1 foot (12 inches)            = 30.48 cm
   1 yard (3 feet)               = 91.44 cm
   1 fathom (2 yards)            = 1.83 m
   1 (statute) mile (1760 yards) = 1.609 km

   Old Danish measures (The metric was laid down by law in 1977)

   1 tomme                       = 2.615 cm
   1 fod (12 tommer)             = 31.385 cm
   1 alen (2 fod)                = 62.771 cm
   1 favn (3 alen)               = 1.883 m
   1 mil (4000 favne)            = 7.532 km

   Old Swedish measures

   1 tum                         = 2.47 cm
   1 tvärhand                    = 8-10 cm
   1 fot                         = 29.7 cm
   1 aln                         = 59.4 cm
   1 gutealn                     = 64 cm
   1 famn                        = 1.78 m
   1 kyndelsmil                  = 1 600 m
   1 fjärdingsväg                = 2 672 m
   1 rast                        = 5 016 m
   1 lantmil                     = 10 689 m

   Other

   1 geographical mile           = 7.532.48 m
   1 nautical mile               = 1.852 m
   1 Swedish mile                = 10 km
   1 Verst (Russian)             = 1066.78 m

  ^hSquare measure^n

   The Metric System

   1 square meter m2             = 10000 cm2
   1 are (a)                     = 100 m2
   1 hectare (ha)                = 10000 m2
   1 square kilometre (km2)      = 100 ha

   Old English and American systems

   1 square inch                 = 6.8406 cm2
   1 square foot                 = 0.0929 m2
   1 square yard                 = 0.8361 m2
   1 acre (4840 square yards)    = 0.4047 ha

   Old Danish measures

   1 kvadrat-alen                = 0.3940 m2
   1 t¢nde land (14000 alen)     = 0.5516 ha
   1 kvadratmil                  = 56.7383 km2 (10285 5/7 t¢nder land)

  ^hCubic measure^n

   The Metric System

   1 litre (l)                   = 1000 cm3
   1 cubic metre (m3)            = 1000 l
   1 hectolitre                  = 100 l

   English and American system

   1 pint
     UK:                         = 0.568 l
     US:                         = 0.473 l
   1 gallon (4 quarts=8 pints)
     UK:                         = 4.546 l
     US:                         = 3.785 l
   1 bushel
     UK:                         = 36.37 l
     US:                         = 35.24 l
   1 cubic foot                  = 0.0283 m3
   1 cubic yard                  = 0.7646 m3

   Old Danish measures

   1 pægl                        = 0.242 l
   1 pot (4 pægle)               = 0.966 l
   1 kubikfod                    = 0.0309 m3
   1 t¢nde                       = 1.3912 hl

   Old Swedish measures

   1 famn ved                    = 3.14 m3
   1 stor famn ved               = 4.22 m3
   1 parm hö                     = 7.15 m3
   1 kvadratfot                  = 882 cm2
   1 tunnland                    = 4936 m2
   1 kanna                       = 2.6 l
   1 kappe                       = 4.6 l
   1 fjärding                    = 18.32 l
   1 skäppa                      = 36.6 l
   1 spann                       = 73.3 l
   1 tunna                       = 146.6 l
   1 kvarter                     = 32.7 cl
   1 Stop                        = 1.3 l
   1 Fjärding                    = 15.6 l
   1 Ankare                      = 39.25 l
   1 tunna                       = 125.6 l

  ^hWeight^n

   The Metric System

   1 milligram (mg)              = 0.001 g
   1 centigram (cg)              = 0.01 g
   1 decigram (dg)               = 0.1 g
   1 dekagram (dag)              = 10 g
   1 hectogram (hg)              = 100 g
   1 kilogram (kg)               = 1000 g

   English and American systems

   1 grain (gr)                  = 0.0648 g
   1 ounce (480 grains) (oz)     = 28.350 g
   1 pound (16 ounces) (lb)      = 0.4536 kg
   1 hundredweight
     UK: 112 pounds (cwt)        = 50.8 kg
     US: 100 pounds (cwt)       = 45.36 kg
   1 long ton
     UK: 2240 pounds             = 1016 kg
   1 short ton
     US: 2000 pounds             = 907.18 kg
   1 stone (14 lbs)              = 6.35 kg

   Old Danish measures

   1 kvint                       = 5.0 kg
   1 lod                         = 15.625 g
   1 pund (100 kvint)(32 lodder) = 500 g
   1 lispund (16 pund)           = 8 kg
   1 centner (100 pund)          = 50 kg

   Old Swedish measures

   1 korn                        = 42.5 mg
   1 kvinting                    = 3.32 g
   1 ort                         = 4.25 g
   1 lod                         = 13.28 g
   1 skålpund                    = 425 g
   1 skeppspund                  = 170 kg
   1 bast sill                   = 24 st sillar (sill is a fish)
   1 val sill                    = 80 st sillar
   1 bunt sill                   = 100 st sillar

  ^hTemperature^n

   Fahrenheit = Celcius * 9 / 5 + 32
   Celsius    = (Fahrenheit - 32) * 5 / 9

  ^hDecimal/Hexadecimal/Binary numeric systems^n

   Sometimes it is hard to know how you calculate from one system to another.
   Small number are easy, but large numbers are much harder. It is important
   to understand how these numbers work if you are doing a little programming
   yourself. If you don't want to be able of doing things manually, buy a
   calculator that can convert for you.

              Decimal-10      Hexadecimal $-16      Binary-2
              ──────────────────────────────────────────────
                    0                   0                  0
                    1                   1                  1
                    2                   2                 10
                    3                   3                 11
                    4                   4                100
                    5                   5                101
                    6                   6                110
                    7                   7                111
                    8                   8               1000
                    9                   9               1001
                   10                   A               1010
                   11                   B               1011
                   12                   C               1100
                   13                   D               1101
                   14                   E               1110
                   15                   F               1111
                   16                  10              10000
                  100                  64            1100100
                  255                  FF            1111111
                  256                 100           10000000
                 1024                 400        10000000000
                 4096                1000      1000000000000
                65535                FFFF   1111111111111111
                65536               10000  10000000000000000
              ──────────────────────────────────────────────

   To convert from one system to another there are a few tricks you
   can use.

  ^hHexadecimal (hex) -> Binary^n

   Example: $12FA -> ?          __12FA_        Hex
                              /   / |   \
                            /    |  |     \
                         0001 0010 1111 1010   Binary

            Result  =  0001001011111010  (You can loose the leading zeroes)

   Take each hex number and convert to a 4 bit binary number. Then put all
   together in one long row, strip leading zeroes. That's it, pretty simple.

   ^hBinary -> Hexadecimal (hex)^n

   Example: 1010011110 -> ?

   Divide into blocks of 4 from behind    1.            1110
                                          2.       1001 1110
                                          3.    10 1001 1110
   Add leading zeroes                     4.  0010 1001 1110
   Convert each block to hex.             5.   2   8+1  8+4+2
   Result                                 6.       $29E

   ^hDecimal -> Hexadecimal^n

   No easy way, so we 'just' divide.

   Example: 48 -> ?

   47 / 16   = 2 <- 1st number      ----- \
   2x16      = 32                          |
   Remainder = 47-32 = 15                  |
   15 / 1    = 15 = F <- 2nd number        |
                                           |
   Result    = $2F                         |
                                           |         16^0          1
   Example: 32891 -> ?                     |         16^1         16
                                           \ --->    16^2        256
   32891 / 4096 = 8 <- 1st number                    16^3       4096
   8x4096       = 32768                              16^4      65536
   Remainder    = 32891-32768 = 123                  16^5    1048576
   123 / 256    = 0 <- 2nd number              / ->  16^6   16777216
   0x256        = 0                           |        .
   Remainder    = 123-0 = 123          ----- /         .
   123 / 16     = 7 <- 3rd number
   7x16         = 112
   Remainder    = 123-112 = 11                                  ^
   11 / 1       = 11 = B <- 4th number                          |
                                                                |
   Result    = $807B                                            |
                                                                |
  ^hHexadecimal -> Decimal^n
                                                                |
   This way is much faster than the other                       |
   way around.                                                  |
                                                                |
   Example: $1A4F                                               |
             |||1                                               |
             ||16  ___________________________________________ /
             |256
             4096

                            (A)                 (F)
   Calculation:  1 x 4096 + 10 x 256 + 4 x 16 + 15 x 1 =  6735

  ^hDecimal -> Binary^n

   No easy way, so we 'just' divide.

   Example: 147 -> ?

   147 / 128 = 1 <- 1st number                       2^0          1
   1x128     = 128                                   2^1          2
   Remainder = 147-128 = 19                          2^2          4
   19 / 64   = 0 <- 2nd number                       2^3          8
   19 / 32   = 0 <- 3rd number    --------------->   2^4         16
   19 / 16   = 1 <- 4th number                       2^5         32
   1x16      = 16                                    2^6         64
   Remainder = 19-16 = 3                             2^7        128
   3 / 8     = 0 <- 5th number                       2^8        256
   3 / 4     = 0 <- 6th number                        .
   3 / 2     = 1 <- 7th number                        .
   1x2       = 2
   Remainder = 3-2 = 1                                       ^
   1 / 1     = 1 <- 8th number                               |
                                                             |
   Result    = 10010011                                      |
                                                             |
   ^hBinary -> Decimal^n
                                                             |
   Example: 10110101 -> ?                                    |
            |||||||1                                         |
            ||||||2                                          |
            |||||4                                           |
            ||||8                                            |
            |||16        ---------------------------------- /
            ||32
            |64
            128

   Calculation:  1x128 + 0x64 + 1x32 + 1x16 + 0x8 + 1x4 + 0x2 + 1x1 = 181

  ^hAlfa, Bravo, Charlie^n

   If you are doing a lot of international voice calls you know how difficult
   it sometimes can be to make the other person understand what you are
   saying and you sometimes have to spell out the words. To help you do it
   the official and correct way, we here bring you the phonetic words.

      A = Alfa          H = Hotel         O = Oscar        V = Victor
      B = Bravo         I = India         P = Papa         W = Whisky
      C = Charlie       J = Juliet        Q = Quebec       X = X-ray
      D = Delta         K = Kilo          R = Romeo        Y = Yankee
      E = Echo          L = Lima          S = Sierra       Z = Zulu
      F = Foxtrot       M = Mike          T = Tango
      G = Golf          N = November      U = Uniform

