     calc(1)                          15Oct1999                          calc(1)
                                        ^..^

     NAME
          calc - arbitrary precision calculator

     SYNOPSIS
          calc [-c] [-C] [-d] [-D calc_debug[:lib_debug:[user_debug]]]
               [-e] [-h] [-i] [-m mode] [-n] [-p] [-q] [-u] [-v]
               [calc_cmd ...]

     DESCRIPTION

          CALC COMMAND LINE

          -c   Continue reading command lines even after an execution error has
               caused the abandonment of a line.

               For example:

                    calc read many_errors.cal

               will cause calc to abort on the first error, whereas:

                    calc -c read many_errors.cal

               will cause calc to try to process each line being read despite
               the errors that it encounters.

               By default, calc startup scripts ($CALCRC) are silently ignored
               if not found.  This flag will report missing startup scripts
               unless -d is also given.

          -C   Permit the execution of custom builtin functions.  Without this
               flag, calling the custom() builtin function will simply generate
               an error.

               Use if this flag may cause calc to execute functions that are
               non-standard and that are not portable.  Custom builtin functions
               are disabled by default for this reason.

          -d   Disable the printing of the opening title.  The printing of
               library debug and informational messages is also disabled as if
               config("lib_debug", 0) had been executed.

               For example:

                    calc 'read qtime; qtime(2)'

               will output something like:

                    qtime(utc_hr_offset) defined

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                    It's nearly ten past six.

               whereas:

                    calc -d 'read qtime; qtime(2)'

               will just say:

                    It's nearly ten past six.

               This flag disables the reporting of missing calc startup scripts
               ($CALCRC).

          -D calc_debug[:lib_debug:[user_debug]]
               Force the initial value of config("calc_debug"),
               config("lib_debug") and config("user_debug").

               The : separated strings are interpreted as signed 32 bit values.
               After an optional leading sign a leading zero indicates octal
               conversion, and a leading ``0x'' or ``0X'' hexadecimal
               conversion.  Otherwise, decimal conversion is assumed.

               By default, calc_debug is 0, lib_debug is 3 and lib_debug is 0.

               For more information use the following calc command:

                    help config

          -e   Ignore any environment variables on startup.  The getenv()
               builtin will still return values, however.

          -h   Print a help message.  This option implies -q.  This is
               equivalent to the calc command help help.  The help facility is
               disabled unless the mode is 5 or 7.  See -m.

          -i   Become interactive if possible.  Be default, if calc_cmd args are
               given, calc will execute them and exit.  This flag args are
               given, calc will execute them and exit.  This flag will cause
               calc to drop into interactive mode after the commands are
               executed.

               For example:

                    calc 2+5

               will print the value 7 and exit whereas:

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                    calc -i 2+5

               will print the value 7 and prompt the user for more calc
               commands.

          -m mode
               This flag sets the permission mode of calc.  It controls the
               ability for calc to open files and execute programs.  Mode may be
               a number from 0 to 7.

               The mode value is interpreted in a way similar to that of the
               chmod(1) octal mode:

                    0  do not open any file, do not execute progs
                    1  do not open any file
                    2  do not open files for reading, do not execute progs
                    3  do not open files for reading
                    4  do not open files for writing, do not execute progs
                    5  do not open files for writing
                    6  do not execute any program
                    7  allow everything (default mode)

               If one wished to run calc from a privileged user, one might want
               to use -m 0 in an effort to make calc somewhat more secure.

               Mode bits for reading and writing apply only on an open.  Files
               already open are not effected.  Thus if one wanted to use the -m
               0 in an effort to make calc somewhat more secure, but still
               wanted to read and write a specific file, one might want to do in
               sh(1), ksh(1), bash(1)-like shells:

                    calc -m 0 3<a.file

               Files presented to calc in this way are opened in an unknown
               mode.  Calc will attempt to read or write them if directed.

               If the mode disables opening of files for reading, then the
               startup library scripts are disabled as of -q was given.  The
               reading of key bindings is also disabled when the mode disables
               opening of files for reading.

          -n   Use the new configuration defaults instead of the old default
               classic defaults.  This flag as the same effect as executing
               config("all", "newcfg") at startup time.

          -p   Pipe processing is enabled by use of -p.  For example:

                    calc -p '2^21701-1' | fizzbin

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                                        ^..^

               In pipe mode, calc does not prompt, does not print leading tabs
               and does not print the initial header.  The -p flag overrides -i.

          -q   Disable the use of the $CALCRC startup scripts.

          -u   Disable buffering of stdin and stdout.

          -v   Print the calc version number and exit.

          Without calc_cmd, calc operates interactively.  If one or more
          calc_cmd are given on the command line, calc will execute them and
          exit.  If -i is given, calc will attempt to become interactive even of
          one or more calc_cmd are given on the command line.

          Normally on startup, calc attempts to execute a collection of library
          scripts.  The environment variable $CALCRC (if non-existent then a
          compiled in value) contains a :  separated list of startup library
          scripts.  No error conditions are produced if these startup library
          scripts are not found.

          If the mode disables opening of files for reading, then the startup
          library scripts are disabled as of -q was given and $CALCRC as well as
          the default compiled in value are ignored.

          Filenames are subject to ``~'' expansion (see below).  The environment
          variable $CALCPATH (if non-existent then a compiled in value) contains
          a : separated list of search directories.  If a file does not begin
          with /, ~ or ./, then it is searched for under each directory listed
          in the $CALCPATH.  It is an error if no such readable file is found.

          Calc treats all open files, other than stdin, stdout and stderr as
          files available for reading and writing.  One may present calc with an
          already open file using sh(1), ksh(1), bash(1)-like shells is to:

               calc 3<open_file 4<open_file2

          For more information use the following calc commands:

               help help
               help overview
               help usage
               help environment
               help config

          DATA TYPES

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                                        ^..^

          Fundamental builtin data types include integers, real numbers,
          rational numbers, complex numbers and strings.

          By use of an object, one may define an arbitrarily complex data types.
          One may define how such objects behave a wide range of operations such
          as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, negation,
          squaring, modulus, rounding, exponentiation, equality, comparison,
          printing and so on.

          For more information use the following calc commands:

               help types
               help obj
               show objfuncs

          VARIABLES

          Variables in calc are typeless.  In other words, the fundamental type
          of a variable is determined by its content.  Before a variable is
          assigned a value it has the value of zero.

          The scope of a variable may be global, local to a file, or local to a
          procedure.  Values may be grouped together in a matrix, or into a a
          list that permits stack and queue style operations.

          For more information use the following calc commands:

               help variable
               help mat
               help list
               show globals

          INPUT/OUTPUT

          A leading ``0x'' implies a hexadecimal value, a leading ``0b'' implies
          a binary value, and a ``0'' followed by a digit implies an octal
          value.  Complex numbers are indicated by a trailing ``i'' such as in
          ``3+4i''.  Strings may be delimited by either a pair of single or
          double quotes.  By default, calc prints values as if they were
          floating point numbers.  One may change the default to print values in
          a number of modes including fractions, integers and exponentials.

          A number of stdio-like file I/O operations are provided.  One may
          open, read, write, seek and close files.  Filenames are subject to
          ``~'' expansion to home directories in a way similar to that of the
          Korn or C-Shell.

          For example:

               ~/.calcrc
               ~chongo/lib/fft_multiply.cal

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          For more information use the following calc command:

               help file

          CALC LANGUAGE

          The calc language is a C-like language.  The language includes
          commands such as variable declarations, expressions, tests, labels,
          loops, file operations, function calls.  These commands are very
          similar to their counterparts in C.

          The language also include a number of commands particular to calc
          itself.  These include commands such as function definition, help,
          reading in library scripts, dump files to a file, error notification,
          configuration control and status.

          For more information use the following calc command:

               help command
               help statement
               help expression
               help operator
               help config

     FILES

          /opt/tmp/calc/lib/calc/*.cal
                              library scripts shipped with calc

          /opt/tmp/calc/lib/calc/help/*
                              help files

          /opt/tmp/calc/lib/calc/bindings
                              command line editor bindings

     ENVIRONMENT

          CALCPATH
               A :-separated list of directories used to search for scripts
               filenames that do not begin with /, ./ or ~.

               Default value:
               .:./lib:~/lib:/opt/tmp/calc/lib/calc:/opt/tmp/calc/lib/calc/custom

          CALCRC
               On startup (unless -h or -q was given on the command line), calc
               searches for files along this :-separated environment variable.

               Default value: /opt/tmp/calc/lib/calc/startup:~/.calcrc

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          CALCBINDINGS
               On startup (unless -h or -q was given on the command line, or -m
               disallows opening files for reading), calc reads key bindings
               from the filename specified by this environment variable.

               Default value: bindings

               This variable is not used if calc was compiled with GNU-readline
               support.  In that case, the standard readline mechanisms (see
               readline(3)) are used.

     CREDIT

          The majority of calc was written by David I. Bell.

          Calc The Calc primary mirror, calc mailing list and calc bug report
          processing is performed by Landon Curt Noll.

          Landon Curt Noll maintains the master reference source, performs
          release control functions as well as other calc maintenance functions.

          Thanks for suggestions and encouragement from Peter Miller, Neil
          Justusson, and Landon Noll.

          Thanks to Stephen Rothwell for writing the original version of hist.c
          which is used to do the command line editing.

          Thanks to Ernest W. Bowen for supplying many improvements in accuracy
          and generality for some numeric functions.  Much of this was in terms
          of actual code which I gratefully accepted.  Ernest also supplied the
          original text for many of the help files.

          Portions of this program are derived from an earlier set of public
          domain arbitrarily precision routines which was posted to the net
          around 1984.   By now, there is almost no recognizable code left from
          that original source.

          Most of this source and binary has one of the following copyrights:

               Copyright (c) 19xx David I. Bell
               Copyright (c) 19xx David I. Bell and Landon Curt Noll
               Copyright (c) 19xx Landon Curt Noll
               Copyright (c) 19xx Ernest Bowen and Landon Curt Noll

          Permission is granted to use, distribute, or modify this source,
          provided that this copyright notice remains intact.

          Send comments, suggestions, bug fixes, enhancements and interesting
          calc scripts that you would like you see included in future
          distributions to:

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                                        ^..^

               calc-tester at postofc dot corp dot sgi dot com

               [[ Replace 'at' with @, 'dot' is with . and remove the spaces ]]

          Bug reports are sent to:
               calc-bugs at postofc dot corp dot sgi dot com

               [[ Replace 'at' with @, 'dot' is with . and remove the spaces ]]

          See the BUGS source file or use the calc command:

               help bugs

          for more information about bug reporting.

          Landon Noll maintains the the calc web site is located at:

               http://reality.sgi.com/chongo/tech/comp/calc/

          One may join the calc testing group by sending a request to:

               calc-tester-request at postofc dot corp dot sgi dot com

               [[ Replace 'at' with @, 'dot' is with . and remove the spaces ]]

          Your message body (not the subject) should consist of:

               subscribe calc-tester address
               end
               name your_full_name

          where "address" is your EMail address and "your_full_name" is your
          full name.

          Share and Enjoy! :-)

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