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     NAME
          zip - package and compress (archive) files

     SYNOPSIS
          zip [-aABcdDeEfFghjklLmoqrRSTuvVwXyz!@$] [--longoption ...] [-b path]
          [-n suffixes] [-t date] [-tt date] [zipfile [file ...]] [-xi list]

          zipcloak (see separate man page)

          zipnote (see separate man page)

          zipsplit (see separate man page)

          Note:  Command line processing in zip has been changed to support long
          options and handle all options and arguments more consistently.  Some
          old command lines that depend on command line inconsistencies may no
          longer work.

     DESCRIPTION
          zip is a compression and file packaging utility for Unix, VMS, MSDOS,
          OS/2, Windows 9x/NT/XP, Minix, Atari, Macintosh, Amiga, and Acorn RISC
          OS.  It is analogous to a combination of the Unix commands tar(1) and
          compress(1) and is compatible with PKZIP (Phil Katz's ZIP for MSDOS
          systems).  A companion program (unzip(1L)) unpacks zip archives.  The
          zip and unzip(1L) programs can work with archives produced by PKZIP
          (supporting most PKZIP features up to PKZIP version 4.6), and PKZIP
          and PKUNZIP can work with archives produced by zip (with some
          exceptions, notably streamed archives, but recent changes in the zip
          file standard may facilitate better compatibility).  zip version 3.0
          is compatible with PKZIP 2.04 and also supports the Zip64 extensions
          of PKZIP 4.5 which allow archives as well as files to exceed the
          previous 2 GB limit (4 GB in some cases).  zip also now supports bzip2
          compression if the bzip2 library is included when zip is compiled.
          Note that PKUNZIP 1.10 cannot extract files produced by PKZIP 2.04 or
          zip 3.0. You must use PKUNZIP 2.04g or unzip 5.0p1 (or later versions)
          to extract them.

          See the EXAMPLES section at the bottom of this page for examples of
          some typical uses of zip.

          Large Archives and Zip64.  zip automatically uses the Zip64 extensions
          when files larger than 4 GB are added to an archive, an archive
          containing Zip64 entries is updated (if the resulting archive still
          needs Zip64), the size of the archive will exceed 4 GB, or when the
          number of entries in the archive will exceed about 64K.  Zip64 is also
          used for archives streamed from standard input as the size of such
          archives are not known in advance, but the option -fz- can be used to
          force zip to create PKZIP 2 compatible archives (as long as Zip64
          extensions are not needed).  You must use a PKZIP 4.5 compatible
          unzip, such as unzip 6.0 or later, to extract files using the Zip64
          extensions.

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          In addition, streamed archives, entries encrypted with standard
          encryption, or split archives created with the pause option may not be
          compatible with PKZIP as data descriptors are used and PKZIP at the
          time of this writing does not support data descriptors (but recent
          changes in the PKWare published zip standard now include some support
          for the data descriptor format zip uses).

          Mac OS X.  Though previous Mac versions had their own zip port, zip
          supports Mac OS X as part of the Unix port and most Unix features
          apply.  References to "MacOS" below generally refer to MacOS versions
          older than OS X.  Support for some Mac OS features in the Unix Mac OS
          X port, such as resource forks, is expected in the next zip release.

          For a brief help on zip and unzip, run each without specifying any
          parameters on the command line.

     USE
          The program is useful for packaging a set of files for distribution;
          for archiving files; and for saving disk space by temporarily
          compressing unused files or directories.  The zip program puts one or
          more compressed files into a single zip archive, along with
          information about the files (name, path, date, time of last
          modification, protection, and check information to verify file
          integrity).  An entire directory structure can be packed into a zip
          archive with a single command.  Compression ratios of 2:1 to 3:1 are
          common for text files.  zip has one compression method (deflation) and
          can also store files without compression.  (If bzip2 support is added,
          zip can also compress using bzip2 compression, but such entries
          require a reasonably modern unzip to decompress.  When bzip2
          compression is selected, it replaces deflation as the default method.)
          zip automatically chooses the better of the two (deflation or store
          or, if bzip2 is selected, bzip2 or store) for each file to be
          compressed.  Command format.  The basic command format is

               zip options archive inpath inpath ...  where archive is a new or
               existing zip archive and inpath is a directory or file path
               optionally including wildcards.  When given the name of an
               existing zip archive, zip will replace identically named entries
               in the zip archive (matching the relative names as stored in the
               archive) or add entries for new names.  For example, if foo.zip
               exists and contains foo/file1 and foo/file2, and the directory
               foo contains the files foo/file1 and foo/file3, then:

               zip -r foo.zip foo or more concisely

               zip -r foo foo will replace foo/file1 in foo.zip and add
               foo/file3 to foo.zip.  After this, foo.zip contains foo/file1,
               foo/file2, and foo/file3, with foo/file2 unchanged from before.

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               So if before the zip command is executed foo.zip has:

                foo/file1 foo/file2 and directory foo has:

                file1 file3 then foo.zip will have:

                foo/file1 foo/file2 foo/file3 where foo/file1 is replaced and
               foo/file3 is new.  -@ file lists.  If a file list is specified as
               -@ [Not on MacOS], zip takes the list of input files from
               standard input instead of from the command line.  For example,

               zip -@ foo will store the files listed one per line on stdin in
               foo.zip.  Under Unix, this option can be used to powerful effect
               in conjunction with the find (1) command.  For example, to
               archive all the C source files in the current directory and its
               subdirectories:

               find . -name "*.[ch]" -print | zip source -@ (note that the
               pattern must be quoted to keep the shell from expanding it).
               Streaming input and output.  zip will also accept a single dash
               ("-") as the zip file name, in which case it will write the zip
               file to standard output, allowing the output to be piped to
               another program. For example:

               zip -r - . | dd of=/dev/nrst0 obs=16k would write the zip output
               directly to a tape with the specified block size for the purpose
               of backing up the current directory.  zip also accepts a single
               dash ("-") as the name of a file to be compressed, in which case
               it will read the file from standard input, allowing zip to take
               input from another program. For example:

               tar cf - . | zip backup - would compress the output of the tar
               command for the purpose of backing up the current directory. This
               generally produces better compression than the previous example
               using the -r option because zip can take advantage of redundancy
               between files. The backup can be restored using the command

               unzip -p backup | tar xf - When no zip file name is given and
               stdout is not a terminal, zip acts as a filter, compressing
               standard input to standard output.  For example,

               tar cf - . | zip | dd of=/dev/nrst0 obs=16k is equivalent to

               tar cf - . | zip - - | dd of=/dev/nrst0 obs=16k zip archives
               created in this manner can be extracted with the program funzip
               which is provided in the unzip package, or by gunzip which is
               provided in the gzip package (but some gunzip may not support
               this if zip used the Zip64 extensions). For example:

               dd if=/dev/nrst0  ibs=16k | funzip | tar xvf - The stream can
               also be saved to a file and unzip used.  If Zip64 support for

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               large files and archives is enabled and zip is used as a filter,
               zip creates a Zip64 archive that requires a PKZIP 4.5 or later
               compatible unzip to read it.  This is to avoid amgibuities in the
               zip file structure as defined in the current zip standard (PKWARE
               AppNote) where the decision to use Zip64 needs to be made before
               data is written for the entry, but for a stream the size of the
               data is not known at that point.  If the data is known to be
               smaller than 4 GB, the option -fz- can be used to prevent use of
               Zip64, but zip will exit with an error if Zip64 was in fact
               needed.  zip 3 and unzip 6 and later can read archives with Zip64
               entries.  Also, zip removes the Zip64 extensions if not needed
               when archive entries are copied (see the -U (--copy) option).
               When directing the output to another file, note that all options
               should be before the redirection including -x.  For example:

               zip archive "*.h" "*.c" -x donotinclude.h orthis.h > tofile
               Zip files.  When changing an existing zip archive, zip will write
               a temporary file with the new contents, and only replace the old
               one when the process of creating the new version has been
               completed without error.  If the name of the zip archive does not
               contain an extension, the extension is added. If the name already
               contains an extension other than the existing extension is kept
               unchanged.  However, split archives (archives split over multiple
               files) require the .zip extension on the last split.

          Scanning and reading files.  When zip starts, it scans for files to
          process (if needed).  If this scan takes longer than about 5 seconds,
          zip will display a "Scanning files" message and start displaying
          progress dots every 2 seconds or every so many entries processed,
          whichever takes longer.  If there is more than 2 seconds between dots
          it could indicate that finding each file is taking time and could mean
          a slow network connection for example.  (Actually the initial file
          scan is a two-step process where the directory scan is followed by a
          sort and these two steps are separated with a space in the dots.  If
          updating an existing archive, a space also appears between the
          existing file scan and the new file scan.)  The scanning files dots
          are not controlled by the -ds dot size option, but the dots are turned
          off by the -q quiet option.  The -sf show files option can be used to
          scan for files and get the list of files scanned without actually
          processing them.  If zip is not able to read a file, it issues a
          warning but continues.  See the -MM option below for more on how zip
          handles patterns that are not matched and files that are not readable.
          If some files were skipped, a warning is issued at the end of the zip
          operation noting how many files were read and how many skipped.

          Command modes.  zip now supports two distinct types of command modes,
          external and internal.  The external modes (add, update, and freshen)
          read files from the file system (as well as from an existing archive)
          while the internal modes (delete and copy) operate exclusively on
          entries in an existing archive.

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          add
               Update existing entries and add new files.  If the archive does
               not exist create it.  This is the default mode.

          update (-u)
               Update existing entries if newer on the file system and add new
               files.  If the archive does not exist issue warning then create a
               new archive.

          freshen (-f)
               Update existing entries of an archive if newer on the file
               system.  Does not add new files to the archive.

          delete (-d)
               Select entries in an existing archive and delete them.

          copy (-U)
               Select entries in an existing archive and copy them to a new
               archive.  This new mode is similar to update but command line
               patterns select entries in the existing archive rather than files
               from the file system and it uses the --out option to write the
               resulting archive to a new file rather than update the existing
               archive, leaving the original archive unchanged.  The new File
               Sync option (-FS) is also considered a new mode, though it is
               similar to update.  This mode synchronizes the archive with the
               files on the OS, only replacing files in the archive if the file
               time or size of the OS file is different, adding new files, and
               deleting entries from the archive where there is no matching
               file.  As this mode can delete entries from the archive, consider
               making a backup copy of the archive.

               Also see -DF for creating difference archives.

               See each option description below for details and the EXAMPLES
               section below for examples.

          Split archives.  zip version 3.0 and later can create split archives.
          A split archive is a standard zip archive split over multiple files.
          (Note that split archives are not just archives split in to pieces, as
          the offsets of entries are now based on the start of each split.
          Concatenating the pieces together will invalidate these offsets, but
          unzip can usually deal with it.  zip will usually refuse to process
          such a spliced archive unless the -FF fix option is used to fix the
          offsets.) One use of split archives is storing a large archive on
          multiple removable media.  For a split archive with 20 split files the
          files are typically named (replace ARCHIVE with the name of your
          archive) ARCHIVE.z01, ARCHIVE.z02, ..., ARCHIVE.z19, ARCHIVE.zip.
          Note that the last file is the .zip file.  In contrast, spanned
          archives are the original multi-disk archive generally requiring
          floppy disks and using volume labels to store disk numbers.  zip
          supports split archives but not spanned archives, though a procedure

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          exists for converting split archives of the right size to spanned
          archives.  The reverse is also true, where each file of a spanned
          archive can be copied in order to files with the above names to create
          a split archive.  Use -s to set the split size and create a split
          archive.  The size is given as a number followed optionally by one of
          k (kB), m (MB), g (GB), or t (TB) (the default is m).  The -sp option
          can be used to pause zip between splits to allow changing removable
          media, for example, but read the descriptions and warnings for both -s
          and -sp below.  Though zip does not update split archives, zip
          provides the new option -O (--output-file or --out) to allow split
          archives to be updated and saved in a new archive.  For example,

               zip inarchive.zip foo.c bar.c --out outarchive.zip reads archive
               inarchive.zip, even if split, adds the files foo.c and bar.c, and
               writes the resulting archive to outarchive.zip.  If inarchive.zip
               is split then outarchive.zip defaults to the same split size.  Be
               aware that if outarchive.zip and any split files that are created
               with it already exist, these are always overwritten as needed
               without warning.  This may be changed in the future.

          Unicode.  Though the zip standard requires storing paths in an archive
          using a specific character set, in practice zips have stored paths in
          archives in whatever the local character set is.  This creates
          problems when an archive is created or updated on a system using one
          character set and then extracted on another system using a different
          character set.  When compiled with Unicode support enabled on
          platforms that support wide characters, zip now stores, in addition to
          the standard local path for backward compatibility, the UTF-8
          translation of the path.  This provides a common universal character
          set for storing paths that allows these paths to be fully extracted on
          other systems that support Unicode and to match as close as possible
          on systems that don't.

          On Win32 systems where paths are internally stored as Unicode but
          represented in the local character set, it's possible that some paths
          will be skipped during a local character set directory scan.  zip with
          Unicode support now can read and store these paths.  Note that Win 9x
          systems and FAT file systems don't fully support Unicode.

          Be aware that console windows on Win32 and Unix, for example,
          sometimes don't accurately show all characters due to how each
          operating system switches in character sets for display.  However,
          directory navigation tools should show the correct paths if the needed
          fonts are loaded.

          Command line format.  This version of zip has updated command line
          processing and support for long options.

          Short options take the form

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               -s[-][s[-]...][value][=value][ value] where s is a one or two
               character short option.  A short option that takes a value is
               last in an argument and anything after it is taken as the value.
               If the option can be negated and "-" immediately follows the
               option, the option is negated.  Short options can also be given
               as separate arguments

               -s[-][value][=value][ value] -s[-][value][=value][ value] ...
               Short options in general take values either as part of the same
               argument or as the following argument.  An optional = is also
               supported.  So

               -ttmmddyyyy and

               -tt=mmddyyyy and

               -tt mmddyyyy all work.  The -x and -i options accept lists of
               values and use a slightly different format described below.  See
               the -x and -i options.

          Long options take the form

               --longoption[-][=value][ value] where the option starts with --,
               has a multicharacter name, can include a trailing dash to negate
               the option (if the option supports it), and can have a value
               (option argument) specified by preceeding it with = (no spaces).
               Values can also follow the argument.  So

               --before-date=mmddyyyy and

               --before-date mmddyyyy both work.

               Long option names can be shortened to the shortest unique
               abbreviation.  See the option descriptions below for which
               support long options.  To avoid confusion, avoid abbreviating a
               negatable option with an embedded dash ("-") at the dash if you
               plan to negate it (the parser would consider a trailing dash,
               such as for the option --some-option using --some- as the option,
               as part of the name rather than a negating dash).  This may be
               changed to force the last dash in --some- to be negating in the
               future.

     OPTIONS
          -a
          --ascii
               [Systems using EBCDIC] Translate file to ASCII format.

          -A
          --adjust-sfx
               Adjust self-extracting executable archive.  A self-extracting

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               executable archive is created by prepending the SFX stub to an
               existing archive. The -A option tells zip to adjust the entry
               offsets stored in the archive to take into account this
               "preamble" data.  Note: self-extracting archives for the Amiga
               are a special case.  At present, only the Amiga port of zip is
               capable of adjusting or updating these without corrupting them.
               -J can be used to remove the SFX stub if other updates need to be
               made.

          -AC
          --archive-clear
               [WIN32]  Once archive is created (and tested if -T is used, which
               is recommended), clear the archive bits of files processed.
               WARNING: Once the bits are cleared they are cleared.  You may
               want to use the -sf show files option to store the list of files
               processed in case the archive operation must be repeated.  Also
               consider using the -MM must match option.  Be sure to check out
               -DF as a possibly better way to do incremental backups.

          -AS
          --archive-set
               [WIN32]  Only include files that have the archive bit set.
               Directories are not stored when -AS is used, though by default
               the paths of entries, including directories, are stored as usual
               and can be used by most unzips to recreate directories.

               The archive bit is set by the operating system when a file is
               modified and, if used with -AC, -AS can provide an incremental
               backup capability.  However, other applications can modify the
               archive bit and it may not be a reliable indicator of which files
               have changed since the last archive operation.  Alternative ways
               to create incremental backups are using -t to use file dates,
               though this won't catch old files copied to directories being
               archived, and -DF to create a differential archive.

          -B
          --binary
               [VM/CMS and MVS] force file to be read binary (default is text).

          -Bn  [TANDEM] set Edit/Enscribe formatting options with n defined as
               bit  0: Don't add delimiter (Edit/Enscribe)
               bit  1: Use LF rather than CR/LF as delimiter (Edit/Enscribe)
               bit  2: Space fill record to maximum record length (Enscribe)
               bit  3: Trim trailing space (Enscribe)
               bit  8: Force 30K (Expand) large read for unstructured files

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          -b path
          --temp-path path
               Use the specified path for the temporary zip archive. For
               example:

                    zip -b /tmp stuff *

               will put the temporary zip archive in the directory /tmp, copying
               over stuff.zip to the current directory when done. This option is
               useful when updating an existing archive and the file system
               containing this old archive does not have enough space to hold
               both old and new archives at the same time.  It may also be
               useful when streaming in some cases to avoid the need for data
               descriptors.  Note that using this option may require zip take
               additional time to copy the archive file when done to the
               destination file system.

          -c
          --entry-comments
               Add one-line comments for each file.  File operations (adding,
               updating) are done first, and the user is then prompted for a
               one-line comment for each file.  Enter the comment followed by
               return, or just return for no comment.

          -C
          --preserve-case
               [VMS]  Preserve case all on VMS.  Negating this option (-C-)
               downcases.

          -C2
          --preserve-case-2
               [VMS]  Preserve case ODS2 on VMS.  Negating this option (-C2-)
               downcases.

          -C5
          --preserve-case-5
               [VMS]  Preserve case ODS5 on VMS.  Negating this option (-C5-)
               downcases.

          -d
          --delete
               Remove (delete) entries from a zip archive.  For example:

                    zip -d foo foo/tom/junk foo/harry/\* \*.o

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               will remove the entry foo/tom/junk, all of the files that start
               with foo/harry/, and all of the files that end with .o (in any
               path).  Note that shell pathname expansion has been inhibited
               with backslashes, so that zip can see the asterisks, enabling zip
               to match on the contents of the zip archive instead of the
               contents of the current directory.  (The backslashes are not used
               on MSDOS-based platforms.) Can also use quotes to escape the
               asterisks as in

                    zip -d foo foo/tom/junk "foo/harry/*" "*.o"

               Not escaping the asterisks on a system where the shell expands
               wildcards could result in the asterisks being converted to a list
               of files in the current directory and that list used to delete
               entries from the archive.

               Under MSDOS, -d is case sensitive when it matches names in the
               zip archive.  This requires that file names be entered in upper
               case if they were zipped by PKZIP on an MSDOS system.  (We
               considered making this case insensitive on systems where paths
               were case insensitive, but it is possible the archive came from a
               system where case does matter and the archive could include both
               Bar and bar as separate files in the archive.)  But see the new
               option -ic to ignore case in the archive.

          -db
          --display-bytes
               Display running byte counts showing the bytes zipped and the
               bytes to go.

          -dc
          --display-counts
               Display running count of entries zipped and entries to go.

          -dd
          --display-dots
               Display dots while each entry is zipped (except on ports that
               have their own progress indicator).  See -ds below for setting
               dot size.  The default is a dot every 10 MB of input file
               processed.  The -v option also displays dots (previously at a
               much higher rate than this but now -v also defaults to 10 MB) and
               this rate is also controlled by -ds.

          -df
          --datafork
               [MacOS] Include only data-fork of files zipped into the archive.
               Good for exporting files to foreign operating-systems.

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               Resource-forks will be ignored at all.

          -dg
          --display-globaldots
               Display progress dots for the archive instead of for each file.
               The command

                        zip -qdgds 10m

               will turn off most output except dots every 10 MB.

          -ds size
          --dot-size size
               Set amount of input file processed for each dot displayed.  See
               -dd to enable displaying dots.  Setting this option implies -dd.
               Size is in the format nm where n is a number and m is a
               multiplier.  Currently m can be k (KB), m (MB), g (GB), or t
               (TB), so if n is 100 and m is k, size would be 100k which is 100
               KB.  The default is 10 MB.

               The -v option also displays dots and now defaults to 10 MB also.
               This rate is also controlled by this option.  A size of 0 turns
               dots off.

               This option does not control the dots from the "Scanning files"
               message as zip scans for input files.  The dot size for that is
               fixed at 2 seconds or a fixed number of entries, whichever is
               longer.

          -du
          --display-usize
               Display the uncompressed size of each entry.

          -dv
          --display-volume
               Display the volume (disk) number each entry is being read from,
               if reading an existing archive, and being written to.

          -D
          --no-dir-entries
               Do not create entries in the zip archive for directories.
               Directory entries are created by default so that their attributes
               can be saved in the zip archive.  The environment variable ZIPOPT
               can be used to change the default options. For example under Unix
               with sh:

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                    ZIPOPT="-D"; export ZIPOPT

               (The variable ZIPOPT can be used for any option, including -i and
               -x using a new option format detailed below, and can include
               several options.) The option -D is a shorthand for -x "*/" but
               the latter previously could not be set as default in the ZIPOPT
               environment variable as the contents of ZIPOPT gets inserted near
               the beginning of the command line and the file list had to end at
               the end of the line.

               This version of zip does allow -x and -i options in ZIPOPT if the
               form

                -x file file ... @

               is used, where the @ (an argument that is just @) terminates the
               list.

          -DF
          --difference-archive
               Create an archive that contains all new and changed files since
               the original archive was created.  For this to work, the input
               file list and current directory must be the same as during the
               original zip operation.

               For example, if the existing archive was created using

                    zip -r foofull .

               from the bar directory, then the command

                    zip -r foofull . -DF --out foonew

               also from the bar directory creates the archive foonew with just
               the files not in foofull and the files where the size or file
               time of the files do not match those in foofull.

               Note that the timezone environment variable TZ should be set
               according to the local timezone in order for this option to work
               correctly.  A change in timezone since the original archive was
               created could result in no times matching and all files being
               included.

               A possible approach to backing up a directory might be to create
               a normal archive of the contents of the directory as a full
               backup, then use this option to create incremental backups.

          -e

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          --encrypt
               Encrypt the contents of the zip archive using a password which is
               entered on the terminal in response to a prompt (this will not be
               echoed; if standard error is not a tty, zip will exit with an
               error).  The password prompt is repeated to save the user from
               typing errors.

          -E
          --longnames
               [OS/2] Use the .LONGNAME Extended Attribute (if found) as
               filename.

          -f
          --freshen
               Replace (freshen) an existing entry in the zip archive only if it
               has been modified more recently than the version already in the
               zip archive; unlike the update option (-u) this will not add
               files that are not already in the zip archive.  For example:

                    zip -f foo

               This command should be run from the same directory from which the
               original zip command was run, since paths stored in zip archives
               are always relative.

               Note that the timezone environment variable TZ should be set
               according to the local timezone in order for the -f, -u and -o
               options to work correctly.

               The reasons behind this are somewhat subtle but have to do with
               the differences between the Unix-format file times (always in
               GMT) and most of the other operating systems (always local time)
               and the necessity to compare the two.  A typical TZ value is
               ``MET-1MEST'' (Middle European time with automatic adjustment for
               ``summertime'' or Daylight Savings Time).

               The format is TTThhDDD, where TTT is the time zone such as MET,
               hh is the difference between GMT and local time such as -1 above,
               and DDD is the time zone when daylight savings time is in effect.
               Leave off the DDD if there is no daylight savings time.  For the
               US Eastern time zone EST5EDT.

          -F
          --fix
          -FF
          --fixfix
               Fix the zip archive. The -F option can be used if some portions
               of the archive are missing, but requires a reasonably intact

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               central directory.  The input archive is scanned as usual, but
               zip will ignore some problems.  The resulting archive should be
               valid, but any inconsistent entries will be left out.

               When doubled as in -FF, the archive is scanned from the beginning
               and zip scans for special signatures to identify the limits
               between the archive members. The single -F is more reliable if
               the archive is not too much damaged, so try this option first.

               If the archive is too damaged or the end has been truncated, you
               must use -FF.  This is a change from zip 2.32, where the -F
               option is able to read a truncated archive.  The -F option now
               more reliably fixes archives with minor damage and the -FF option
               is needed to fix archives where -F might have been sufficient
               before.

               Neither option will recover archives that have been incorrectly
               transferred in ascii mode instead of binary. After the repair,
               the -t option of unzip may show that some files have a bad CRC.
               Such files cannot be recovered; you can remove them from the
               archive using the -d option of zip.

               Note that -FF may have trouble fixing archives that include an
               embedded zip archive that was stored (without compression) in the
               archive and, depending on the damage, it may find the entries in
               the embedded archive rather than the archive itself.  Try -F
               first as it does not have this problem.

               The format of the fix commands have changed.  For example, to fix
               the damaged archive foo.zip,

                    zip -F foo --out foofix

               tries to read the entries normally, copying good entries to the
               new archive foofix.zip.  If this doesn't work, as when the
               archive is truncated, or if some entries you know are in the
               archive are missed, then try

                    zip -FF foo --out foofixfix

               and compare the resulting archive to the archive created by -F.
               The -FF option may create an inconsistent archive.  Depending on
               what is damaged, you can then use the -F option to fix that
               archive.

               A split archive with missing split files can be fixed using -F if
               you have the last split of the archive (the .zip file).  If this
               file is missing, you must use -FF to fix the archive, which will
               prompt you for the splits you have.

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               Currently the fix options can't recover entries that have a bad
               checksum or are otherwise damaged.

          -FI
          --fifo
               [Unix]  Normally zip skips reading any FIFOs (named pipes)
               encountered, as zip can hang if the FIFO is not being fed.  This
               option tells zip to read the contents of any FIFO it finds.

          -FS
          --filesync
               Synchronize the contents of an archive with the files on the OS.
               Normally when an archive is updated, new files are added and
               changed files are updated but files that no longer exist on the
               OS are not deleted from the archive.  This option enables a new
               mode that checks entries in the archive against the file system.
               If the file time and file size of the entry matches that of the
               OS file, the entry is copied from the old archive instead of
               being read from the file system and compressed.  If the OS file
               has changed, the entry is read and compressed as usual.  If the
               entry in the archive does not match a file on the OS, the entry
               is deleted.  Enabling this option should create archives that are
               the same as new archives, but since existing entries are copied
               instead of compressed, updating an existing archive with -FS can
               be much faster than creating a new archive.  Also consider using
               -u for updating an archive.

               For this option to work, the archive should be updated from the
               same directory it was created in so the relative paths match.  If
               few files are being copied from the old archive, it may be faster
               to create a new archive instead.

               Note that the timezone environment variable TZ should be set
               according to the local timezone in order for this option to work
               correctly.  A change in timezone since the original archive was
               created could result in no times matching and recompression of
               all files.

               This option deletes files from the archive.  If you need to
               preserve the original archive, make a copy of the archive first
               or use the --out option to output the updated archive to a new
               file.  Even though it may be slower, creating a new archive with
               a new archive name is safer, avoids mismatches between archive
               and OS paths, and is preferred.

          -g
          --grow
               Grow (append to) the specified zip archive, instead of creating a

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               new one. If this operation fails, zip attempts to restore the
               archive to its original state. If the restoration fails, the
               archive might become corrupted. This option is ignored when
               there's no existing archive or when at least one archive member
               must be updated or deleted.

          -h
          -?
          --help
               Display the zip help information (this also appears if zip is run
               with no arguments).

          -h2
          --more-help
               Display extended help including more on command line format,
               pattern matching, and more obscure options.

          -i files
          --include files
               Include only the specified files, as in:

                    zip -r foo . -i \*.c

               which will include only the files that end in .c in the current
               directory and its subdirectories. (Note for PKZIP users: the
               equivalent command is

                    pkzip -rP foo *.c

               PKZIP does not allow recursion in directories other than the
               current one.) The backslash avoids the shell filename
               substitution, so that the name matching is performed by zip at
               all directory levels.  [This is for Unix and other systems where
               \  escapes the next character.  For other systems where the shell
               does not process * do not use \ and the above is

                    zip -r foo . -i *.c

               Examples are for Unix unless otherwise specified.]  So to include
               dir, a directory directly under the current directory, use

                    zip -r foo . -i dir/\*

               or

                    zip -r foo . -i "dir/*"

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               to match paths such as dir/a and dir/b/file.c [on ports without
               wildcard expansion in the shell such as MSDOS and Windows

                    zip -r foo . -i dir/*

               is used.]  Note that currently the trailing / is needed for
               directories (as in

                    zip -r foo . -i dir/

               to include directory dir).

               The long option form of the first example is

                    zip -r foo . --include \*.c

               and does the same thing as the short option form.

               Though the command syntax used to require -i at the end of the
               command line, this version actually allows -i (or --include)
               anywhere.  The list of files terminates at the next argument
               starting with -, the end of the command line, or the list
               terminator @ (an argument that is just @).  So the above can be
               given as

                    zip -i \*.c @ -r foo .

               for example.  There must be a space between the option and the
               first file of a list.  For just one file you can use the single
               value form

                    zip -i\*.c -r foo .

               (no space between option and value) or

                    zip --include=\*.c -r foo .

               as additional examples.  The single value forms are not
               recommended because they can be confusing and, in particular, the
               -ifile format can cause problems if the first letter of file
               combines with i to form a two-letter option starting with i.  Use
               -sc to see how your command line will be parsed.

               Also possible:

                    zip -r foo  . -i@include.lst

               which will only include the files in the current directory and
               its subdirectories that match the patterns in the file
               include.lst.

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               Files to -i and -x are patterns matching internal archive paths.
               See -R for more on patterns.

          -I
          --no-image
               [Acorn RISC OS] Don't scan through Image files.  When used, zip
               will not consider Image files (eg. DOS partitions or Spark
               archives when SparkFS is loaded) as directories but will store
               them as single files.

               For example, if you have SparkFS loaded, zipping a Spark archive
               will result in a zipfile containing a directory (and its content)
               while using the 'I' option will result in a zipfile containing a
               Spark archive. Obviously this second case will also be obtained
               (without the 'I' option) if SparkFS isn't loaded.

          -ic
          --ignore-case
               [VMS, WIN32] Ignore case when matching archive entries.  This
               option is only available on systems where the case of files is
               ignored.  On systems with case-insensitive file systems, case is
               normally ignored when matching files on the file system but is
               not ignored for -f (freshen), -d (delete), -U (copy), and similar
               modes when matching against archive entries (currently -f ignores
               case on VMS) because archive entries can be from systems where
               case does matter and names that are the same except for case can
               exist in an archive.  The -ic option makes all matching case
               insensitive.  This can result in multiple archive entries
               matching a command line pattern.

          -j
          --junk-paths
               Store just the name of a saved file (junk the path), and do not
               store directory names. By default, zip will store the full path
               (relative to the current directory).

          -jj
          --absolute-path
               [MacOS] record Fullpath (+ Volname). The complete path including
               volume will be stored. By default the relative path will be
               stored.

          -J
          --junk-sfx
               Strip any prepended data (e.g. a SFX stub) from the archive.

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          -k
          --DOS-names
               Attempt to convert the names and paths to conform to MSDOS, store
               only the MSDOS attribute (just the user write attribute from
               Unix), and mark the entry as made under MSDOS (even though it was
               not); for compatibility with PKUNZIP under MSDOS which cannot
               handle certain names such as those with two dots.

          -l
          --to-crlf
               Translate the Unix end-of-line character LF into the MSDOS
               convention CR LF. This option should not be used on binary files.
               This option can be used on Unix if the zip file is intended for
               PKUNZIP under MSDOS. If the input files already contain CR LF,
               this option adds an extra CR. This is to ensure that unzip -a on
               Unix will get back an exact copy of the original file, to undo
               the effect of zip -l.  See -ll for how binary files are handled.

          -la
          --log-append
               Append to existing logfile.  Default is to overwrite.

          -lf logfilepath
          --logfile-path logfilepath
               Open a logfile at the given path.  By default any existing file
               at that location is overwritten, but the -la option will result
               in an existing file being opened and the new log information
               appended to any existing information.  Only warnings and errors
               are written to the log unless the -li option is also given, then
               all information messages are also written to the log.

          -li
          --log-info
               Include information messages, such as file names being zipped, in
               the log.  The default is to only include the command line, any
               warnings and errors, and the final status.

          -ll
          --from-crlf
               Translate the MSDOS end-of-line CR LF into Unix LF.  This option
               should not be used on binary files.  This option can be used on
               MSDOS if the zip file is intended for unzip under Unix.  If the
               file is converted and the file is later determined to be binary a
               warning is issued and the file is probably corrupted.  In this
               release if -ll detects binary in the first buffer read from a
               file, zip now issues a warning and skips line end conversion on
               the file.  This check seems to catch all binary files tested, but
               the original check remains and if a converted file is later
               determined to be binary that warning is still issued.  A new
               algorithm is now being used for binary detection that should
               allow line end conversion of text files in UTF-8 and similar

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               encodings.

          -L
          --license
               Display the zip license.

          -m
          --move
               Move the specified files into the zip archive; actually, this
               deletes the target directories/files after making the specified
               zip archive. If a directory becomes empty after removal of the
               files, the directory is also removed. No deletions are done until
               zip has created the archive without error.  This is useful for
               conserving disk space, but is potentially dangerous so it is
               recommended to use it in combination with -T to test the archive
               before removing all input files.

          -MM
          --must-match
               All input patterns must match at least one file and all input
               files found must be readable.  Normally when an input pattern
               does not match a file the "name not matched" warning is issued
               and when an input file has been found but later is missing or not
               readable a missing or not readable warning is issued.  In either
               case zip continues creating the archive, with missing or
               unreadable new files being skipped and files already in the
               archive remaining unchanged.  After the archive is created, if
               any files were not readable zip returns the OPEN error code (18
               on most systems) instead of the normal success return (0 on most
               systems).  With -MM set, zip exits as soon as an input pattern is
               not matched (whenever the "name not matched" warning would be
               issued) or when an input file is not readable.  In either case
               zip exits with an OPEN error and no archive is created.

               This option is useful when a known list of files is to be zipped
               so any missing or unreadable files will result in an error.  It
               is less useful when used with wildcards, but zip will still exit
               with an error if any input pattern doesn't match at least one
               file and if any matched files are unreadable.  If you want to
               create the archive anyway and only need to know if files were
               skipped, don't use -MM and just check the return code.  Also -lf
               could be useful.

          -n suffixes
          --suffixes suffixes
               Do not attempt to compress files named with the given suffixes.
               Such files are simply stored (0% compression) in the output zip
               file, so that zip doesn't waste its time trying to compress them.
               The suffixes are separated by either colons or semicolons.  For
               example:

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                    zip -rn .Z:.zip:.tiff:.gif:.snd  foo foo

               will copy everything from foo into foo.zip, but will store any
               files that end in .Z, .zip, .tiff, .gif, or .snd without trying
               to compress them (image and sound files often have their own
               specialized compression methods).  By default, zip does not
               compress files with extensions in the list
               .Z:.zip:.zoo:.arc:.lzh:.arj. Such files are stored directly in
               the output archive.  The environment variable ZIPOPT can be used
               to change the default options. For example under Unix with csh:

                    setenv ZIPOPT "-n .gif:.zip"

               To attempt compression on all files, use:

                    zip -n : foo

               The maximum compression option -9 also attempts compression on
               all files regardless of extension.

               On Acorn RISC OS systems the suffixes are actually filetypes (3
               hex digit format). By default, zip does not compress files with
               filetypes in the list DDC:D96:68E (i.e. Archives, CFS files and
               PackDir files).

          -nw
          --no-wild
               Do not perform internal wildcard processing (shell processing of
               wildcards is still done by the shell unless the arguments are
               escaped).  Useful if a list of paths is being read and no
               wildcard substitution is desired.

          -N
          --notes
               [Amiga, MacOS] Save Amiga or MacOS filenotes as zipfile comments.
               They can be restored by using the -N option of unzip. If -c is
               used also, you are prompted for comments only for those files
               that do not have filenotes.

          -o
          --latest-time
               Set the "last modified" time of the zip archive to the latest
               (oldest) "last modified" time found among the entries in the zip
               archive.  This can be used without any other operations, if
               desired.  For example:

               zip -o foo

               will change the last modified time of foo.zip to the latest time
               of the entries in foo.zip.

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          -O output-file
          --output-file output-file
               Process the archive changes as usual, but instead of updating the
               existing archive, output the new archive to output-file.  Useful
               for updating an archive without changing the existing archive and
               the input archive must be a different file than the output
               archive.

               This option can be used to create updated split archives.  It can
               also be used with -U to copy entries from an existing archive to
               a new archive.  See the EXAMPLES section below.

               Another use is converting zip files from one split size to
               another.  For instance, to convert an archive with 700 MB CD
               splits to one with 2 GB DVD splits, can use:

                    zip -s 2g cd-split.zip --out dvd-split.zip

               which uses copy mode.  See -U below.  Also:

                    zip -s 0 split.zip --out unsplit.zip

               will convert a split archive to a single-file archive.

               Copy mode will convert stream entries (using data descriptors and
               which should be compatible with most unzips) to normal entries
               (which should be compatible with all unzips), except if standard
               encryption was used.  For archives with encrypted entries,
               zipcloak will decrypt the entries and convert them to normal
               entries.

          -p
          --paths
               Include relative file paths as part of the names of files stored
               in the archive.  This is the default.  The -j option junks the
               paths and just stores the names of the files.

          -P password
          --password password
               Use password to encrypt zipfile entries (if any).  THIS IS
               INSECURE!  Many multi-user operating systems provide ways for any
               user to see the current command line of any other user; even on
               stand-alone systems there is always the threat of over-the-
               shoulder peeking.  Storing the plaintext password as part of a
               command line in an automated script is even worse.  Whenever
               possible, use the non-echoing, interactive prompt to enter
               passwords.  (And where security is truly important, use strong
               encryption such as Pretty Good Privacy instead of the relatively
               weak standard encryption provided by zipfile utilities.)

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          -q
          --quiet
               Quiet mode; eliminate informational messages and comment prompts.
               (Useful, for example, in shell scripts and background tasks).

          -Qn
          --Q-flag n
               [QDOS] store information about the file in the file header with n
               defined as
               bit  0: Don't add headers for any file
               bit  1: Add headers for all files
               bit  2: Don't wait for interactive key press on exit

          -r
          --recurse-paths
               Travel the directory structure recursively; for example:

                    zip -r foo.zip foo

               or more concisely

                    zip -r foo foo

               In this case, all the files and directories in foo are saved in a
               zip archive named foo.zip, including files with names starting
               with ".", since the recursion does not use the shell's file-name
               substitution mechanism.  If you wish to include only a specific
               subset of the files in directory foo and its subdirectories, use
               the -i option to specify the pattern of files to be included.
               You should not use -r with the name ".*", since that matches ".."
               which will attempt to zip up the parent directory (probably not
               what was intended).

               Multiple source directories are allowed as in

                    zip -r foo foo1 foo2

               which first zips up foo1 and then foo2, going down each
               directory.

               Note that while wildcards to -r are typically resolved while
               recursing down directories in the file system, any -R, -x, and -i
               wildcards are applied to internal archive pathnames once the
               directories are scanned.  To have wildcards apply to files in
               subdirectories when recursing on Unix and similar systems where
               the shell does wildcard substitution, either escape all wildcards
               or put all arguments with wildcards in quotes.  This lets zip see
               the wildcards and match files in subdirectories using them as it
               recurses.

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          -R
          --recurse-patterns
               Travel the directory structure recursively starting at the
               current directory; for example:

                    zip -R foo "*.c"

               In this case, all the files matching *.c in the tree starting at
               the current directory are stored into a zip archive named
               foo.zip.  Note that *.c will match file.c, a/file.c and a/b/.c.
               More than one pattern can be listed as separate arguments.  Note
               for PKZIP users: the equivalent command is

                    pkzip -rP foo *.c

               Patterns are relative file paths as they appear in the archive,
               or will after zipping, and can have optional wildcards in them.
               For example, given the current directory is foo and under it are
               directories foo1 and foo2 and in foo1 is the file bar.c,

                    zip -R foo/*

               will zip up foo, foo/foo1, foo/foo1/bar.c, and foo/foo2.

                    zip -R */bar.c

               will zip up foo/foo1/bar.c.  See the note for -r on escaping
               wildcards.

          -RE
          --regex
               [WIN32]  Before zip 3.0, regular expression list matching was
               enabled by default on Windows platforms.  Because of confusion
               resulting from the need to escape "[" and "]" in names, it is now
               off by default for Windows so "[" and "]" are just normal
               characters in names.  This option enables [] matching again.

          -s splitsize
          --split-size splitsize
               Enable creating a split archive and set the split size.  A split
               archive is an archive that could be split over many files.  As
               the archive is created, if the size of the archive reaches the
               specified split size, that split is closed and the next split
               opened.  In general all splits but the last will be the split
               size and the last will be whatever is left.  If the entire
               archive is smaller than the split size a single-file archive is
               created.

               Split archives are stored in numbered files.  For example, if the

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               output archive is named archive and three splits are required,
               the resulting archive will be in the three files archive.z01,
               archive.z02, and archive.zip.  Do not change the numbering of
               these files or the archive will not be readable as these are used
               to determine the order the splits are read.

               Split size is a number optionally followed by a multiplier.
               Currently the number must be an integer.  The multiplier can
               currently be one of k (kilobytes), m (megabytes), g (gigabytes),
               or t (terabytes).  As 64k is the minimum split size, numbers
               without multipliers default to megabytes.  For example, to create
               a split archive called foo with the contents of the bar directory
               with splits of 670 MB that might be useful for burning on CDs,
               the command:

                    zip -s 670m -r foo bar

               could be used.

               Currently the old splits of a split archive are not excluded from
               a new archive, but they can be specifically excluded.  If
               possible, keep the input and output archives out of the path
               being zipped when creating split archives.

               Using -s without -sp as above creates all the splits where foo is
               being written, in this case the current directory.  This split
               mode updates the splits as the archive is being created,
               requiring all splits to remain writable, but creates split
               archives that are readable by any unzip that supports split
               archives.  See -sp below for enabling split pause mode which
               allows splits to be written directly to removable media.

               The option -sv can be used to enable verbose splitting and
               provide details of how the splitting is being done.  The -sb
               option can be used to ring the bell when zip pauses for the next
               split destination.

               Split archives cannot be updated, but see the -O (--out) option
               for how a split archive can be updated as it is copied to a new
               archive.  A split archive can also be converted into a single-
               file archive using a split size of 0 or negating the -s option:

                    zip -s 0 split.zip --out single.zip

               Also see -U (--copy) for more on using copy mode.

          -sb
          --split-bell
               If splitting and using split pause mode, ring the bell when zip
               pauses for each split destination.

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          -sc
          --show-command
               Show the command line starting zip as processed and exit.  The
               new command parser permutes the arguments, putting all options
               and any values associated with them before any non-option
               arguments.  This allows an option to appear anywhere in the
               command line as long as any values that go with the option go
               with it.  This option displays the command line as zip sees it,
               including any arguments from the environment such as from the
               ZIPOPT variable.  Where allowed, options later in the command
               line can override options earlier in the command line.

          -sf
          --show-files
               Show the files that would be operated on, then exit.  For
               instance, if creating a new archive, this will list the files
               that would be added.  If the option is negated, -sf-, output only
               to an open log file.  Screen display is not recommended for large
               lists.

          -so
          --show-options
               Show all available options supported by zip as compiled on the
               current system.  As this command reads the option table, it
               should include all options.  Each line includes the short option
               (if defined), the long option (if defined), the format of any
               value that goes with the option, if the option can be negated,
               and a small description.  The value format can be no value,
               required value, optional value, single character value, number
               value, or a list of values.  The output of this option is not
               intended to show how to use any option but only show what options
               are available.

          -sp
          --split-pause
               If splitting is enabled with -s, enable split pause mode.  This
               creates split archives as -s does, but stream writing is used so
               each split can be closed as soon as it is written and zip will
               pause between each split to allow changing split destination or
               media.

               Though this split mode allows writing splits directly to
               removable media, it uses stream archive format that may not be
               readable by some unzips.  Before relying on splits created with
               -sp, test a split archive with the unzip you will be using.

               To convert a stream split archive (created with -sp) to a
               standard archive see the --out option.

          -su

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                                 16 June 2008 (v3.0)

          --show-unicode
               As -sf, but also show Unicode version of the path if exists.

          -sU
          --show-just-unicode
               As -sf, but only show Unicode version of the path if exists,
               otherwise show the standard version of the path.

          -sv
          --split-verbose
               Enable various verbose messages while splitting, showing how the
               splitting is being done.

          -S
          --system-hidden
               [MSDOS, OS/2, WIN32 and ATARI] Include system and hidden files.
               [MacOS] Includes finder invisible files, which are ignored
               otherwise.

          -t mmddyyyy
          --from-date mmddyyyy
               Do not operate on files modified prior to the specified date,
               where mm is the month (00-12), dd is the day of the month (01-
               31), and yyyy is the year.  The ISO 8601 date format yyyy-mm-dd
               is also accepted.  For example:

                    zip -rt 12071991 infamy foo

                    zip -rt 1991-12-07 infamy foo

               will add all the files in foo and its subdirectories that were
               last modified on or after 7 December 1991, to the zip archive
               infamy.zip.

          -tt mmddyyyy
          --before-date mmddyyyy
               Do not operate on files modified after or at the specified date,
               where mm is the month (00-12), dd is the day of the month (01-
               31), and yyyy is the year.  The ISO 8601 date format yyyy-mm-dd
               is also accepted.  For example:

                    zip -rtt 11301995 infamy foo

                    zip -rtt 1995-11-30 infamy foo

               will add all the files in foo and its subdirectories that were
               last modified before 30 November 1995, to the zip archive
               infamy.zip.

          -T

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                                 16 June 2008 (v3.0)

          --test
               Test the integrity of the new zip file. If the check fails, the
               old zip file is unchanged and (with the -m option) no input files
               are removed.

          -TT cmd
          --unzip-command cmd
               Use command cmd instead of 'unzip -tqq' to test an archive when
               the -T option is used.  On Unix, to use a copy of unzip in the
               current directory instead of the standard system unzip, could
               use:

                zip archive file1 file2 -T -TT "./unzip -tqq"

               In cmd, {} is replaced by the name of the temporary archive,
               otherwise the name of the archive is appended to the end of the
               command.  The return code is checked for success (0 on Unix).

          -u
          --update
               Replace (update) an existing entry in the zip archive only if it
               has been modified more recently than the version already in the
               zip archive.  For example:

                    zip -u stuff *

               will add any new files in the current directory, and update any
               files which have been modified since the zip archive stuff.zip
               was last created/modified (note that zip will not try to pack
               stuff.zip into itself when you do this).

               Note that the -u option with no input file arguments acts like
               the -f (freshen) option.

          -U
          --copy-entries
               Copy entries from one archive to another.  Requires the --out
               option to specify a different output file than the input archive.
               Copy mode is the reverse of -d delete.  When delete is being used
               with --out, the selected entries are deleted from the archive and
               all other entries are copied to the new archive, while copy mode
               selects the files to include in the new archive.  Unlike -u
               update, input patterns on the command line are matched against
               archive entries only and not the file system files.  For
               instance,

                    zip inarchive "*.c" --copy --out outarchive

               copies entries with names ending in .c from inarchive to
               outarchive.  The wildcard must be escaped on some systems to
               prevent the shell from substituting names of files from the file

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                                 16 June 2008 (v3.0)

               system which may have no relevance to the entries in the archive.

               If no input files appear on the command line and --out is used,
               copy mode is assumed:

                    zip inarchive --out outarchive

               This is useful for changing split size for instance.  Encrypting
               and decrypting entries is not yet supported using copy mode.  Use
               zipcloak for that.

          -UN v
          --unicode v
               Determine what zip should do with Unicode file names.  zip 3.0,
               in addition to the standard file path, now includes the UTF-8
               translation of the path if the entry path is not entirely 7-bit
               ASCII.  When an entry is missing the Unicode path, zip reverts
               back to the standard file path.  The problem with using the
               standard path is this path is in the local character set of the
               zip that created the entry, which may contain characters that are
               not valid in the character set being used by the unzip.  When zip
               is reading an archive, if an entry also has a Unicode path, zip
               now defaults to using the Unicode path to recreate the standard
               path using the current local character set.

               This option can be used to determine what zip should do with this
               path if there is a mismatch between the stored standard path and
               the stored UTF-8 path (which can happen if the standard path was
               updated).  In all cases, if there is a mismatch it is assumed
               that the standard path is more current and zip uses that.  Values
               for v are

                    q - quit if paths do not match

                    w - warn, continue with standard path

                    i - ignore, continue with standard path

                    n - no Unicode, do not use Unicode paths

               The default is to warn and continue.

               Characters that are not valid in the current character set are
               escaped as #Uxxxx and #Lxxxxxx, where x is an ASCII character for
               a hex digit.  The first is used if a 16-bit character number is
               sufficient to represent the Unicode character and the second if
               the character needs more than 16 bits to represent it's Unicode
               character code.  Setting -UN to

                    e - escape

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                                 16 June 2008 (v3.0)

               as in

                    zip archive -sU -UN=e

               forces zip to escape all characters that are not printable 7-bit
               ASCII.

               Normally zip stores UTF-8 directly in the standard path field on
               systems where UTF-8 is the current character set and stores the
               UTF-8 in the new extra fields otherwise.  The option

                    u - UTF-8

               as in

                    zip archive dir -r -UN=UTF8

               forces zip to store UTF-8 as native in the archive.  Note that
               storing UTF-8 directly is the default on Unix systems that
               support it.  This option could be useful on Windows systems where
               the escaped path is too large to be a valid path and the UTF-8
               version of the path is smaller, but native UTF-8 is not backward
               compatible on Windows systems.

          -v
          --verbose
               Verbose mode or print diagnostic version info.

               Normally, when applied to real operations, this option enables
               the display of a progress indicator during compression (see -dd
               for more on dots) and requests verbose diagnostic info about
               zipfile structure oddities.

               However, when -v is the only command line argument a diagnostic
               screen is printed instead.  This should now work even if stdout
               is redirected to a file, allowing easy saving of the information
               for sending with bug reports to Info-ZIP.  The version screen
               provides the help screen header with program name, version, and
               release date, some pointers to the Info-ZIP home and distribution
               sites, and shows information about the target environment
               (compiler type and version, OS version, compilation date and the
               enabled optional features used to create the zip executable).

          -V
          --VMS-portable
               [VMS] Save VMS file attributes.  (Files are  truncated at EOF.)
               When a -V archive is unpacked on a non-VMS system,  some file
               types (notably Stream_LF text files  and  pure binary files  like
               fixed-512) should be extracted intact.  Indexed files and file
               types with embedded record sizes (notably variable-length record

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                                 16 June 2008 (v3.0)

               types) will probably be seen as corrupt elsewhere.

          -VV
          --VMS-specific
               [VMS] Save VMS file attributes, and  all allocated blocks in a
               file,  including  any  data beyond EOF.  Useful for moving ill-
               formed files  among  VMS systems.   When a -VV archive is
               unpacked on a non-VMS system, almost all files will appear
               corrupt.

          -w
          --VMS-versions
               [VMS] Append the version number of the files to the name,
               including multiple versions of files.  Default is to use only the
               most recent version of a specified file.

          -ww
          --VMS-dot-versions
               [VMS] Append the version number of the files to the name,
               including multiple versions of files, using the .nnn format.
               Default is to use only the most recent version of a specified
               file.

          -ws
          --wild-stop-dirs
               Wildcards match only at a directory level.  Normally zip handles
               paths as strings and given the paths

                    /foo/bar/dir/file1.c

                    /foo/bar/file2.c

               an input pattern such as

                    /foo/bar/*

               normally would match both paths, the * matching dir/file1.c and
               file2.c.  Note that in the first case a directory boundary (/)
               was crossed in the match.  With -ws no directory bounds will be
               included in the match, making wildcards local to a specific
               directory level.  So, with -ws enabled, only the second path
               would be matched.

               When using -ws, use ** to match across directory boundaries as *
               does normally.

          -x files
          --exclude files
               Explicitly exclude the specified files, as in:

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                                 16 June 2008 (v3.0)

                    zip -r foo foo -x \*.o

               which will include the contents of foo in foo.zip while excluding
               all the files that end in The backslash avoids the shell filename
               substitution, so that the name matching is performed by zip at
               all directory levels.

               Also possible:

                    zip -r foo foo -x@exclude.lst

               which will include the contents of foo in foo.zip while excluding
               all the files that match the patterns in the file exclude.lst.

               The long option forms of the above are

                    zip -r foo foo --exclude \*.o

               and

                    zip -r foo foo --exclude @exclude.lst

               Multiple patterns can be specified, as in:

                    zip -r foo foo -x \*.o \*.c

               If there is no space between -x and the pattern, just one value
               is assumed (no list):

                    zip -r foo foo -x\*.o

               See -i for more on include and exclude.

          -X
          --no-extra
               Do not save extra file attributes (Extended Attributes on OS/2,
               uid/gid and file times on Unix).  The zip format uses extra
               fields to include additional information for each entry.  Some
               extra fields are specific to particular systems while others are
               applicable to all systems.  Normally when zip reads entries from
               an existing archive, it reads the extra fields it knows, strips
               the rest, and adds the extra fields applicable to that system.
               With -X, zip strips all old fields and only includes the Unicode
               and Zip64 extra fields (currently these two extra fields cannot
               be disabled).

               Negating this option, -X-, includes all the default extra fields,
               but also copies over any unrecognized extra fields.

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                                 16 June 2008 (v3.0)

          -y
          --symlinks
               For UNIX and VMS (V8.3 and later), store symbolic links as such
               in the zip archive, instead of compressing and storing the file
               referred to by the link.  This can avoid multiple copies of files
               being included in the archive as zip recurses the directory trees
               and accesses files directly and by links.

          -z
          --archive-comment
               Prompt for a multi-line comment for the entire zip archive.  The
               comment is ended by a line containing just a period, or an end of
               file condition (^D on Unix, ^Z on MSDOS, OS/2, and VMS).  The
               comment can be taken from a file:

                    zip -z foo < foowhat

          -Z cm
          --compression-method cm
               Set the default compression method.  Currently the main methods
               supported by zip are store and deflate.  Compression method can
               be set to:

               store - Setting the compression method to store forces zip to
               store entries with no compression.  This is generally faster than
               compressing entries, but results in no space savings.  This is
               the same as using -0 (compression level zero).

               deflate - This is the default method for zip.  If zip determines
               that storing is better than deflation, the entry will be stored
               instead.

               bzip2 - If bzip2 support is compiled in, this compression method
               also becomes available.  Only some modern unzips currently
               support the bzip2 compression method, so test the unzip you will
               be using before relying on archives using this method
               (compression method 12).

               For example, to add bar.c to archive foo using bzip2 compression:

                    zip -Z bzip2 foo bar.c

               The compression method can be abbreviated:

                    zip -Zb foo bar.c

          -#
          (-0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5,
               Regulate the speed of compression using the specified digit #,

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                                 16 June 2008 (v3.0)

               where -0 indicates no compression (store all files), -1 indicates
               the fastest compression speed (less compression) and -9 indicates
               the slowest compression speed (optimal compression, ignores the
               suffix list). The default compression level is -6.

               Though still being worked, the intention is this setting will
               control compression speed for all compression methods.  Currently
               only deflation is controlled.

          -!
          --use-privileges
               [WIN32] Use priviliges (if granted) to obtain all aspects of
               WinNT security.

          -@
          --names-stdin
               Take the list of input files from standard input. Only one
               filename per line.

          -$
          --volume-label
               [MSDOS, OS/2, WIN32] Include the volume label for the drive
               holding the first file to be compressed.  If you want to include
               only the volume label or to force a specific drive, use the drive
               name as first file name, as in:

                    zip -$ foo a: c:bar

     EXAMPLES
          The simplest example:

               zip stuff * creates the archive stuff.zip (assuming it does not
               exist) and puts all the files in the current directory in it, in
               compressed form (the .zip suffix is added automatically, unless
               the archive name contains a dot already; this allows the explicit
               specification of other suffixes).  Because of the way the shell
               on Unix does filename substitution, files starting with "." are
               not included; to include these as well:

               zip stuff .* * Even this will not include any subdirectories from
               the current directory.  To zip up an entire directory, the
               command:

               zip -r foo foo creates the archive foo.zip, containing all the
               files and directories in the directory foo that is contained
               within the current directory.  You may want to make a zip archive
               that contains the files in foo, without recording the directory
               name, foo.  You can use the -j option to leave off the paths, as
               in:

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                                 16 June 2008 (v3.0)

               zip -j foo foo/* If you are short on disk space, you might not
               have enough room to hold both the original directory and the
               corresponding compressed zip archive.  In this case, you can
               create the archive in steps using the -m option.  If foo contains
               the subdirectories tom, dick, and harry, you can:

               zip -rm foo foo/tom
               zip -rm foo foo/dick
               zip -rm foo foo/harry where the first command creates foo.zip,
               and the next two add to it.  At the completion of each zip
               command, the last created archive is deleted, making room for the
               next zip command to function.

               Use -s to set the split size and create a split archive.  The
               size is given as a number followed optionally by one of k (kB), m
               (MB), g (GB), or t (TB).  The command

               zip -s 2g -r split.zip foo creates a split archive of the
               directory foo with splits no bigger than 2 GB each.  If foo
               contained 5 GB of contents and the contents were stored in the
               split archive without compression (to make this example simple),
               this would create three splits, split.z01 at 2 GB, split.z02 at
               2 GB, and split.zip at a little over 1 GB.  The -sp option can be
               used to pause zip between splits to allow changing removable
               media, for example, but read the descriptions and warnings for
               both -s and -sp below.  Though zip does not update split
               archives, zip provides the new option -O (--output-file) to allow
               split archives to be updated and saved in a new archive.  For
               example,

               zip inarchive.zip foo.c bar.c --out outarchive.zip reads archive
               inarchive.zip, even if split, adds the files foo.c and bar.c, and
               writes the resulting archive to outarchive.zip.  If inarchive.zip
               is split then outarchive.zip defaults to the same split size.  Be
               aware that outarchive.zip and any split files that are created
               with it are always overwritten without warning.  This may be
               changed in the future.

     PATTERN MATCHING
          This section applies only to Unix.  Watch this space for details on
          MSDOS and VMS operation.  However, the special wildcard characters *
          and [] below apply to at least MSDOS also.  The Unix shells (sh, csh,
          bash, and others) normally do filename substitution (also called
          "globbing") on command arguments.  Generally the special characters
          are:

                                       - 35 -      Formatted:  September 5, 2017

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                                 16 June 2008 (v3.0)

          ?    match any single character

          *    match any number of characters (including none)

          []   match any character in the range indicated within the brackets
               (example: [a-f], [0-9]).  This form of wildcard matching allows a
               user to specify a list of characters between square brackets and
               if any of the characters match the expression matches.  For
               example:

                    zip archive "*.[hc]"

               would archive all files in the current directory that end in

               Ranges of characters are supported:

                    zip archive "[a-f]*"

               would add to the archive all files starting with "a" through "f".

               Negation is also supported, where any character in that position
               not in the list matches.  Negation is supported by adding ! or ^
               to the beginning of the list:

                    zip archive "*.[!o]"

               matches files that don't end in ".o".

               On WIN32, [] matching needs to be turned on with the -RE option
               to avoid the confusion that names with [ or ] have caused.

               When these characters are encountered (without being escaped with
               a backslash or quotes), the shell will look for files relative to
               the current path that match the pattern, and replace the argument
               with a list of the names that matched.  The zip program can do
               the same matching on names that are in the zip archive being
               modified or, in the case of the -x (exclude) or -i (include)
               options, on the list of files to be operated on, by using
               backslashes or quotes to tell the shell not to do the name
               expansion.  In general, when zip encounters a name in the list of
               files to do, it first looks for the name in the file system.  If
               it finds it, it then adds it to the list of files to do.  If it
               does not find it, it looks for the name in the zip archive being
               modified (if it exists), using the pattern matching characters
               described above, if present.  For each match, it will add that
               name to the list of files to be processed, unless this name
               matches one given with the -x option, or does not match any name
               given with the -i option.  The pattern matching includes the
               path, and so patterns like \*.o match names that end in ".o", no
               matter what the path prefix is.  Note that the backslash must
               precede every special character (i.e. ?*[]), or the entire

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                                 16 June 2008 (v3.0)

               argument must be enclosed in double quotes ("").  In general, use
               backslashes or double quotes for paths that have wildcards to
               make zip do the pattern matching for file paths, and always for
               paths and strings that have spaces or wildcards for -i, -x, -R,
               -d, and -U and anywhere zip needs to process the wildcards.

     ENVIRONMENT
          The following environment variables are read and used by zip as
          described.

          ZIPOPT
               contains default options that will be used when running zip.  The
               contents of this environment variable will get added to the
               command line just after the zip command.

          ZIP
               [Not on RISC OS and VMS] see ZIPOPT

          Zip$Options
               [RISC OS] see ZIPOPT

          Zip$Exts
               [RISC OS] contains extensions separated by a : that will cause
               native filenames with one of the specified extensions to be added
               to the zip file with basename and extension swapped.

          ZIP_OPTS
               [VMS] see ZIPOPT

     SEE ALSO
          compress(1), shar(1L), tar(1), unzip(1L), gzip(1L)

     DIAGNOSTICS
          The exit status (or error level) approximates the exit codes defined
          by PKWARE and takes on the following values, except under VMS:

               0    normal; no errors or warnings detected.

               2    unexpected end of zip file.

               3    a generic error in the zipfile format was detected.
                    Processing may have completed successfully anyway; some
                    broken zipfiles created by other archivers have simple
                    work-arounds.

               4    zip was unable to allocate memory for one or more buffers
                    during program initialization.

               5    a severe error in the zipfile format was detected.
                    Processing probably failed immediately.

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                                 16 June 2008 (v3.0)

               6    entry too large to be processed (such as input files larger
                    than 2 GB when not using Zip64 or trying to read an existing
                    archive that is too large) or entry too large to be split
                    with zipsplit

               7    invalid comment format

               8    zip -T failed or out of memory

               9    the user aborted zip prematurely with control-C (or similar)

               10   zip encountered an error while using a temp file

               11   read or seek error

               12   zip has nothing to do

               13   missing or empty zip file

               14   error writing to a file

               15   zip was unable to create a file to write to

               16   bad command line parameters

               18   zip could not open a specified file to read

               19   zip was compiled with options not supported on this system

          VMS interprets standard Unix (or PC) return values as other, scarier-
          looking things, so zip instead maps them into VMS-style status codes.
          In general, zip sets VMS Facility = 1955 (0x07A3), Code = 2*
          Unix_status, and an appropriate Severity (as specified in ziperr.h).
          More details are included in the VMS-specific documentation.  See
          [.vms]NOTES.TXT and [.vms]vms_msg_gen.c.

     BUGS
          zip 3.0 is not compatible with PKUNZIP 1.10. Use zip 1.1 to produce
          zip files which can be extracted by PKUNZIP 1.10.

          zip files produced by zip 3.0 must not be updated by zip 1.1 or PKZIP
          1.10, if they contain encrypted members or if they have been produced
          in a pipe or on a non-seekable device. The old versions of zip or
          PKZIP would create an archive with an incorrect format.  The old
          versions can list the contents of the zip file but cannot extract it
          anyway (because of the new compression algorithm).  If you do not use
          encryption and use regular disk files, you do not have to care about
          this problem.  Under VMS, not all of the odd file formats are treated
          properly.  Only stream-LF format zip files are expected to work with
          zip.  Others can be converted using Rahul Dhesi's BILF program.  This
          version of zip handles some of the conversion internally.  When using

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                                 16 June 2008 (v3.0)

          Kermit to transfer zip files from VMS to MSDOS, type "set file type
          block" on VMS.  When transfering from MSDOS to VMS, type "set file
          type fixed" on VMS.  In both cases, type "set file type binary" on
          MSDOS.  Under some older VMS versions, zip may hang for file
          specifications that use DECnet syntax foo::*.*. On OS/2, zip cannot
          match some names, such as those including an exclamation mark or a
          hash sign.  This is a bug in OS/2 itself: the 32-bit DosFindFirst/Next
          don't find such names.  Other programs such as GNU tar are also
          affected by this bug.  Under OS/2, the amount of Extended Attributes
          displayed by DIR is (for compatibility) the amount returned by the
          16-bit version of DosQueryPathInfo(). Otherwise OS/2 1.3 and 2.0 would
          report different EA sizes when DIRing a file.  However, the structure
          layout returned by the 32-bit DosQueryPathInfo() is a bit different,
          it uses extra padding bytes and link pointers (it's a linked list) to
          have all fields on 4-byte boundaries for portability to future RISC
          OS/2 versions. Therefore the value reported by zip (which uses this
          32-bit-mode size) differs from that reported by DIR.  zip stores the
          32-bit format for portability, even the 16-bit MS-C-compiled version
          running on OS/2 1.3, so even this one shows the 32-bit-mode size.

     AUTHORS
          Copyright (C) 1997-2008 Info-ZIP.  Currently distributed under the
          Info-ZIP license.  Copyright (C) 1990-1997 Mark Adler, Richard B.
          Wales, Jean-loup Gailly, Onno van der Linden, Kai Uwe Rommel, Igor
          Mandrichenko, John Bush and Paul Kienitz.  Original copyright:
          Permission is granted to any individual or institution to use, copy,
          or redistribute this software so long as all of the original files are
          included, that it is not sold for profit, and that this copyright
          notice is retained.  LIKE ANYTHING ELSE THAT'S FREE, ZIP AND ITS
          ASSOCIATED UTILITIES ARE PROVIDED AS IS AND COME WITH NO WARRANTY OF
          ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. IN NO EVENT WILL THE COPYRIGHT
          HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS
          SOFTWARE.  Please send bug reports and comments using the web page at:
          www.info-zip.org.  For bug reports, please include the version of zip
          (see zip -h), the make options used to compile it (see zip -v), the
          machine and operating system in use, and as much additional
          information as possible.

     ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
          Thanks to R. P. Byrne for his Shrink.Pas program, which inspired this
          project, and from which the shrink algorithm was stolen; to Phil Katz
          for placing in the public domain the zip file format, compression
          format, and .ZIP filename extension, and for accepting minor changes
          to the file format; to Steve Burg for clarifications on the deflate
          format; to Haruhiko Okumura and Leonid Broukhis for providing some
          useful ideas for the compression algorithm; to Keith Petersen, Rich
          Wales, Hunter Goatley and Mark Adler for providing a mailing list and
          ftp site for the Info-ZIP group to use; and most importantly, to the
          Info-ZIP group itself (listed in the file infozip.who) without whose
          tireless testing and bug-fixing efforts a portable zip would not have
          been possible.  Finally we should thank (blame) the first Info-ZIP

                                       - 39 -      Formatted:  September 5, 2017

     ZIP(1L)                          Info-ZIP                           ZIP(1L)
                                 16 June 2008 (v3.0)

          moderator, David Kirschbaum, for getting us into this mess in the
          first place.  The manual page was rewritten for Unix by R. P. C.
          Rodgers and updated by E. Gordon for zip 3.0.

                                       - 40 -      Formatted:  September 5, 2017