     PROJ(1)                                         PROJ(1)
                       2000/03/21 Rel. 4.4

     NAME
          proj - forward cartographic projection filter
          invproj - inverse cartographic projection filter

     SYNOPSIS
          proj [ -bceEfiIlmorsStTvVwW [ args ] ] [ +args ] file[s]
          invproj [ -bceEfiIlmorsStTwW [ args ] ] [ +args ] file[s]

     DESCRIPTION
          Proj and invproj perform respective forward and inverse transformation
          of cartographic data to or from cartesian data with a wide range of
          selectable projection functions.

          The following control parameters can appear in any order:

          -b   Special option for binary coordinate data input and output
               through standard input and standard output.  Data is assumed to
               be in system type double floating point words.  This option is to
               be used when proj is a son process and allows bypassing
               formatting operations.

          -i   Selects binary input only (see -b option).

          -I   alternate method to specify inverse projection.  Redundant when
               used with invproj.

          -o   Selects binary output only (see -b option).

          -ta  A specifies a character employed as the first character to denote
               a control line to be passed through without processing.  This
               option applicable to ascii input only.  (# is the default value).

          -e string
               String is an arbitrary string to be output if an error is
               detected during data transformations.  The default value is:
               *\t*.  Note that if the -b, -i or -o options are employed, an
               error is returned as HUGE_VAL value for both return values.

          -E   causes the input coordinates to be copied to the output line
               prior to printing the converted values.

          -l[p|P|=|e|u|d]id
               List projection identifiers with -l, -lp or -lP (expanded) that
               can be selected with +proj. -l=id gives expanded description of
               projection id. List ellipsoid identifiers with -le, that can be
               selected with +ellps, -lu list of cartesian to meter conversion
               factors that can be selected with +units or -ld list of datums
               that can be selected with +datum.

          -r   This options reverses the order of the expected input from
               longitude-latitude or x-y to latitude-longitude or y-x.

                                        - 1 -       Formatted:  October 29, 2009

     PROJ(1)                                                             PROJ(1)
                                 2000/03/21 Rel. 4.4

          -s   This options reverses the order of the output from x-y or
               longitude-latitude to y-x or latitude-longitude.

          -S   Causes estimation of meridinal and parallel scale factors, area
               scale factor and angular distortion, and maximum and minimum
               scale factors to be listed between <> for each input point.  For
               conformal projections meridinal and parallel scales factors will
               be equal and angular distortion zero.  Equal area projections
               will have an area factor of 1.

          -m mult
               The cartesian data may be scaled by the mult parameter.  When
               processing data in a forward projection mode the cartesian output
               values are multiplied by mult otherwise the input cartesian
               values are divided by mult before inverse projection.  If the
               first two characters of mult are 1/ or 1: then the reciprocal
               value of mult is employed.

          -f format
               Format is a printf format string to control the form of the
               output values.  For inverse projections, the output will be in
               degrees when this option is employed.  The default format is
               "%.2f" for forward projection and DMS for inverse.

          -[w|W]n
               N is the number of significant fractional digits to employ for
               seconds output (when the option is not specified, -w3 is
               assumed).  When -W is employed the fields will be constant width
               and with leading zeroes.

          -v   causes a listing of cartographic control parameters tested for
               and used by the program to be printed prior to input data.
               Should not be used with the -T option.

          -V   This option causes an expanded annotated listing of the
               characteristics of the projected point.  -v is implied with this
               option.

          -T ulow,uhi,vlow,vhi,res[,umax,vmax]
               This option creates a set of bivariate Chebyshev polynomial
               coefficients that approximate the selected cartographic
               projection on stdout. The values low and hi denote the range of
               the input where the u or v prefixes apply to respective
               longitude-x or latitude-y depending upon whether a forward or
               inverse projection is selected.  Res is an integer number
               specifying the power of 10 precision of the approximation.  For
               example, a res of -3 specifies an approximation with an accuracy
               better than .001.  Umax, and vmax specify maximum degree of the
               polynomials (default: 15).  See also: fproj(1).

                                        - 2 -       Formatted:  October 29, 2009

     PROJ(1)                                                             PROJ(1)
                                 2000/03/21 Rel. 4.4

          The +args run-line arguments are associated with cartographic
          parameters and usage varies with projection and for a complete
          description see Cartographic Projection Procedures for the UNIX
          Environment-A User's Manual ) and supplementary documentation for
          Release 4.

          Additional projection control parameters may be contained in two
          auxiliary control files: the first is optionally referenced with the
          +init=file:id and the second is always processed after the name of the
          projection has been established from either the run-line or the
          contents of +init file.  The environment parameter PROJ_LIB
          establishes the default directory for a file reference without an
          absolute path.  This is also used for supporting files like datum
          shift files.

          One or more files (processed in left to right order) specify the
          source of data to be transformed.  A - will specify the location of
          processing standard input.  If no files are specified, the input is
          assumed to be from stdin. For ASCII input data the two data values
          must be in the first two white space separated fields and when both
          input and output are ASCII all trailing portions of the input line are
          appended to the output line.

          Input geographic data (longitude and latitude) must be in DMS format
          and input cartesian data must be in units consistent with the
          ellipsoid major axis or sphere radius units.  Output geographic
          coordinates will be in DMS (if the -w switch is not employed) and
          precise to 0.001" with trailing, zero-valued minute-second fields
          deleted.

     EXAMPLE
          The following script
                proj +proj=utm +lon_0=112w +ellps=clrk66 -r <<EOF
                45d15'33.1"   111.5W
                45d15.551666667N   -111d30
                +45.25919444444    111d30'000w
                EOF
          will perform UTM forward projection with a standard UTM central
          meridian nearest longitude 112oW.  The geographic values of this
          example are equivalent and meant as examples of various forms of DMS
          input.  The x-y output data will appear as three lines of:
                460769.27     5011648.45

     OTHER PROGRAMS
          The proj program is limited to converting between geographic and
          projection coordinates within one datum.

          The cs2cs program operates similarly, but allows translation between
          any pair of definable coordinate systems, including support for datum
          translation.

                                        - 3 -       Formatted:  October 29, 2009

     PROJ(1)                                                             PROJ(1)
                                 2000/03/21 Rel. 4.4

          The nad2nad program provides for translation between NAD27 and NAD83
          (also available in cs2cs) in a convenient manner.

          The geod program provides the ability to compute geodesic (Great
          Circle) computations.

     SEE ALSO
          cs2cs(1U), nad2nad(1U), geod(1U), pj_init(3U),
          Cartographic Projection Procedures for the UNIX Environment-A User's
          Manual, (Evenden, 1990, Open-file report 90-284).
          Map Projections Used by the U. S. Geological Survey (Snyder, 1984,
          USGS Bulletin 1532).
          Map Projections-A Working Manual (Snyder, 1988, USGS Prof. Paper
          1395).
          An Album of Map Projections (Snyder & Voxland, 1989, USGS Prof. Paper
          1453).

     HOME PAGE
          http://www.remotesensing.org/proj

                                        - 4 -       Formatted:  October 29, 2009